| All | Mothers | Fathers | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
HRQOL | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 RAND-36 PCSa | 52.1 (8.5) | 51.6 (9.1) | 54.1 (5.6) | <0.001 |
 RAND-36 MCSa | 51.0 (9.6) | 50.4 (10.1) | 53.7 (6.6) | <0.001 |
 RAND-36 eight domains |  |  |  |  |
  Bodily pain | 78.2 (22.8) | 76.6 (34.0) | 84.4 (15.7) | <0.001 |
  General health | 76.1 (19.7) | 75.0 (20.6) | 80.5 (14.4) | 0.016 |
  Physical function | 93.4 (13.8) | 92.6 (14.9) | 96.6 (7.1) | 0.003 |
  Physical role function | 84.1 (31.5) | 82.0 (33.1) | 92.7 (21.9) | <0.001 |
  Mental health | 79.7 (14.0) | 79.0 (14.7) | 82.5 (10.2) | 0.014 |
  Vitality | 63.2 (20.4) | 61.7 (21.1) | 69.4 (16.0) | 0.017 |
  Social function | 86.8 (20.1) | 85.4 (21.3) | 92.7 (12.7) | <0.001 |
  Emotional role function | 83.0 (33.8) | 80.5 (35.9) | 93.5 (18.9) | <0.001 |
Psychological factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 General self-efficacy b | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.4) | 0.979 |
 Loneliness c | 13.7 (4.2) | 13.7 (4.2) | 13.6 (4.2) | 0.545 |
 Stress d | 0.27 (0.16) | 0.28 (0.16) | 0.23 (0.14) | 0.065 |
 Self-esteem e | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.5) | 0.112 |