Table 1 Characteristics of the study population depending on anemia
Characteristics | Anemia (Women: Hemoglobin level < 12 g/dL) (Men: Hemoglobin level < 13 g/dL) | Normal (Women: Hemoglobin level ≥ 12 g/dL) (Men: Hemoglobin level ≥ 13 g/dL) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD or n (%) | Mean ± SD or n (%) | ||
n | 6,248 (9.0) | 63,582 (91.1) | |
Age(year) | 54.2 ± 17.2 | 50.1 ± 16.0 | < 0.0001 |
Sex | < 0.0001 | ||
 Women | 4,937 (79.0) | 34,566 (54.4) | |
 Men | 1,311 (21.0) | 29,016 (45.6) | |
Education level | < 0.0001 | ||
 Less than elementary school | 1,929 (30.9) | 13,951 (21.9) | |
 Middle school | 624 (10.0) | 6,777 (10.7) | |
 High school | 1,911 (30.6) | 21,347 (33.6) | |
 College or graduate school | 1,784 (28.6) | 21,507 (33.8) | |
Residential region | < 0.0001 | ||
 Rural | 1,952 (31.2) | 17,628 (27.7) | |
 Urban | 4,296 (68.8) | 45,954 (72.3) | |
Smoking | < 0.0001 | ||
 Never or Former-smokers | 5,558 (89.0) | 47,553 (74.8) | |
 Current smokers | 690 (11.0) | 16,029 (25.2) | |
Alcohol consumption (time/month) | < 0.0001 | ||
 Never | 2,497 (40.0) | 16,869 (26.5) | |
 ≤ 1 | 1,949 (31.2) | 18,102 (28.5) | |
 2 ∼ 15 | 1,572 (25.2) | 24,056 (37.8) | |
 ≥ 16 | 230 (3.7) | 4,555 (7.2) | |
Physical activity | < 0.0001 | ||
 Yes | 1,325 (21.2) | 15,704 (24.7) | |
 No | 4,923 (78.8) | 47,878 (75.3) | |
Household income (Quartile, Thousand KRW) | < 0.0001 | ||
 Low (< 76) | 1,623 (26.0) | 11,392 (17.9) | |
 Lower-medium (76 ∼ 154) | 1,583 (25.3) | 15,837 (24.9) | |
 Upper-medium (155 ∼ 253) | 1,598 (25.6) | 17,536 (27.6) | |
 High (≥ 254) | 1,444 (23.1) | 18,817 (29.6) | |
Occupational group | < 0.0001 | ||
 Office worker | 614 (9.8) | 8,207 (12.9) | |
 Service/sales worker | 416 (6.7) | 4,644 (7.3) | |
 Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery workers | 282 (4.5) | 2,684 (4.2) | |
 Craft and related trades workers/plant, machine operators and assemblers/elementary workers | 514 (8.2) | 7,030 (11.1) | |
 Unemployed/unknown | 4,422 (70.8) | 41,017 (64.5) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 3.3 | 23.9 ± 3.4 | < 0.0001 |
Obesity status | < 0.0001 | ||
 Normal | 4,771 (76.4) | 41,828 (65.8) | |
 Overweight | 1,292 (20.7) | 18,739 (29.5) | |
 Obesity | 185 (3.0) | 3,015 (4.7) | |
Hypertension status | < 0.0001 | ||
 Yes | 2,114 (33.8) | 19,696 (31.0) | |
 No | 4,134 (66.2) | 43,886 (69.0) | |
Diabetes status | < 0.0001 | ||
 Yes | 1,008 (16.1) | 7,106 (11.2) | |
 No | 5,240 (83.9) | 56,476 (88.8) | |
Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | 11.3 ± 0.9 | 14.3 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 |