Depressive symptoms, parenting attitude, and violent discipline among caregivers of left-behind children in rural China: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Standardized model estimates, standard errors, and p-values of hypothesized SEM models

	Effect Types	Std. est.	S.E.	Z	p
Path 1	Total Effect	-0.097	0.002	-1.944	0.052
	Direct Effect	-0.141	0.002	-2.805	0.005
	ZSDS→ Parenting Attitude→ Psychological Aggression	0.044	0.001	3.089	0.002
Path 2	Total Effect	-0.047	0.002	-0.960	0.337
	Direct Effect	-0.078	0.002	-1.564	0.118
	ZSDS→ Parenting Attitude→ Physical Punishment	0.031	0.001	2.479	0.013
Path 3	Total Effect	-0.041	0.002	-0.822	0.411
	Direct Effect	-0.085	0.002	-1.696	0.090
	ZSDS→ Parenting Attitude→ Violent Discipline	0.044	0.001	3.082	0.002

ISSN: 1471-2458