Depressive symptoms, parenting attitude, and violent discipline among caregivers of left-behind children in rural China: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Linear regression analysis of risk factors associated with the parenting attitude of caregivers

	Standardized univariate estimate (SE)	Standardized adjusted estimate (SE)
Score of ZSDS	-0.23 (0.01) ^**	-0.21 (0.01) ^**
County
Yudu County	1.00	1.00
Lushi County	0.01 (0.30)	-0.10 (0.34)
Pingshan County	-0.07 (0.33)	-0.08 (0.35)
Sansui County	0.07 (0.23)	0.01 (0.31)
Tongjiang County	-0.24 (0.25) ^**	-0.27 (0.28) ^**
Child’s Age	0.04 (0.01)	0.10 (0.01) ^*
Child’s Sex
Male	1.00	1.00
Female	0.03 (0.18)	0.01 (0.17)
Child’s Ethnicity
Han	1.00	1.00
Minority	0.13 (0.24) ^**	0.03 (0.34)
Sibling Number	0.07 (0.09)	-0.05 (0.10)
Left-behind Type
SLBC	1.00	1.00
PLBC	-0.21 (0.19) ^**	-0.12 (0.30)
Caregiver’s Age	-0.18 (0.01) ^**	0.01 (0.01)
Caregiver’s Sex
Male	1.00	1.00
Female	0.03 (0.24)	0.07 (0.24)
Caregiver’s Education Level
Illiteracy	1.00	1.00
Primary school	0.24 (0.29) ^**	0.22 (0.29) ^**
Middle school	0.22 (0.30) ^**	0.20 (0.32) ^*
High school or above	0.31 (0.35) ^**	0.27 (0.39) ^**
Housework Stress
No	1.00	1.00
Yes	-0.19 (0.18) ^**	-0.13 (0.17) ^**
Household Wealth Index	0.09 (0.08)	0.01 (0.08)

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.
Std.est: Standardized estimate; SE: Standard error; ZSDS: Zung Self-rating Depression Scales;
SLBC: Children of Single Migrant Parents; PLBC: Children of Both Migrant Parents.

ISSN: 1471-2458