Table 1 Characteristics of left-behind children and caregivers according to violent discipline outcomes
Violent Discipline | Total Sample | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Total, n(%) | 288(72.7) | 108(27.3) | 396 |
County, n (%) | |||
 Yudu County | 109 (37.9) | 28 (25.9) | 137 (34.6) |
 Lushi County | 23 (8.0) | 20 (18.5) | 43 (10.9) |
 Pingshan County | 22 (7.6) | 13 (12.1) | 35 (8.8) |
 Sansui County | 72 (25.0) | 31 (28.7) | 103 (26.0) |
 Tongjiang County | 62 (21.5) | 16 (14.8) | 78 (19.7) |
Child’s Characteristics | |||
Child’s Age, months, Median (IQR) | 48.4 (38.5∼58.2) | 49.5 (39.5∼57.0) | 48.7 (38.9∼57.6) |
Child’s Sex, n (%) | |||
 Male | 146 (50.7) | 48 (44.4) | 194 (49.0) |
 Female | 142 (49.3) | 60 (55.6) | 202 (51.0) |
Child’s Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
 Han | 250 (86.8) | 82 (75.9) | 332 (83.8) |
 Minority | 38 (13.2) | 26 (24.1) | 64 (16.2) |
Sibling Number, Median (IQR) | 1 (1∼2) | 1 (0∼1) | 1 (0∼2) |
Left-behind Type, n (%) | |||
 SLBC | 74 (25.7) | 45 (41.7) | 119 (30.1) |
 PLBC | 214 (74.3) | 63 (58.3) | 277 (69.9) |
Caregiver’s Characteristics | |||
Caregiver’s Age, years, Median (IQR) | 53.0 (45.0∼57.0) | 52.0 (31.0∼58.0) | 53.0 (35.3∼58.0) |
Caregiver’s Sex, n (%) | |||
 Male | 50 (17.4) | 22 (20.4) | 72 (18.2) |
 Female | 238 (82.6) | 86 (79.6) | 324 (81.8) |
Caregiver’s Education Level, n (%) | |||
 Illiteracy | 36 (12.5) | 10 (9.3) | 46 (11.6) |
 Primary school | 124 (43.1) | 45 (41.7) | 169 (42.7) |
 Middle school | 94 (32.6) | 33 (30.6) | 127 (32.1) |
 High school or above | 34 (11.8) | 20 (18.5) | 54 (13.6) |
Housework Stress, n (%) | |||
 No | 111 (38.5) | 58 (53.7) | 169 (42.7) |
 Yes | 177 (61.5) | 50 (46.3) | 227 (57.3) |
Score of ZSDS, Mean (SD) | 44.4 (10.5) | 45.1 (9.1) | 44.6 (10.2) |
Depressive Symptom, n (%) | |||
 Yes | 95 (33.0) | 36 (33.3) | 131 (33.1) |
 No | 193 (67.0) | 72 (66.7) | 265 (66.9) |
Score of Parenting Attitude, Mean (SD) | 9.4 (1.8) | 10.2 (1.6) | 9.6 (1.8) |
Household Wealth Index, Mean (SD) | 4.3 (1.2) | 4.3 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.1) |