Table 1 Characteristics of the participants (N = 153)

age(mean 34.26, SD 0.59)

1.233

0.297

1.756

0.176

20–30

56(36.6%)

3.43 ± 0.20

2.27 ± 0.32

31–40

69(45.1%)

3.33 ± 0.21

2.84 ± 0.42

41~

28(18.3%)

3.89 ± 0.26

3.42 ± 0.34

gender

0.735

0.463

0.017

0.987

male

53(34.6%)

3.60 ± 0.24

2.76 ± 0.29

female

100(65.4%)

3.38 ± 0.15

2.72 ± 0.32

marital status

2.675

0.072

2.202

0.114

single

72(47.3%)

3.23 ± 0.20

2.30 ± 0.26

married/cohabited

77(50.7%)

3.60 ± 0.17

3.07 ± 0.38

divorced/separated

3(2.0%)

4.94 ± 0.76

4.67 ± 1.09

widowed

0

0

0

education

2.216

0.113

0.463

0.630

primary and below

0

0

0

junior high school

1(0.6%)

4.6

3.77

senior high school

3(2%)

5.27±0.83

4.18 ±1.10

college and above

148(97.4%)

3.41±0.13

2.70 ±0.24

occupation

0.738

0.620

0.760

0.603

unemployment

4(2.6%)

3.48±0.80

3.23 ±0.56

civil servants or enterprises / institutions employees

46(30.3%)

3.17±0.26

2.18 ±0.39

teachers

5(3.3%)

2.60±0.93

2.74 ±0.97

soldiers

0

0

0

retirees

2(1.3%)

3.88±0.77

2.12 ±2.06

business and service staff

19(12.5%)

3.91±0.33

2.63 ±0.43

workers and professional technicians

27(17.8%)

3.56±0.29

2.63 ±0.39

others

49(32.2%)

3.57±0.23

3.37 ±0.54

smoke

0.442

0.723

3.694

0.013

never

136(88.9%)

3.41±0.14

2.54 ±0.18

below 10 pieces/day

8(5.2%)

4.02±0.65

3.06 ±0.84

10–20 pieces/day

2(1.3%)

4.08±2.00

3.09 ±1.91

above 20 pieces/day

0

0

0

cessation

7(4.6%)

3.52±0.38

6.04 ±3.23

drink

0.651

0.627

2.91 ±0.28

0.306

0.874

never

56(36.6%)

3.52±0.21

2.63 ±0.37

occasionally

83(54.2%)

3.42±0.19

2.69 ±0.56

1–2 times/week

11(7.2%)

3.37±0.34

0.22

3–5 times/week

1(0.7%)

1.46

2.91 ±0.28

> 5 times/week

0

0

0

cessation

2(1.3%)

4.49±1.07

3.87 ±1.58

exercise

-0.409

0.683

-1.416

0.159

no

52(34.2%)

3.45±0.19

2.33 ±0.26

yes

100(65.8%)

3.45±0.17

2.94 ±0.32

sleep time

0.953

0.388

0.020

0.981

< 6 h

27(17.6%)

3.03±0.33

2.65 ±0.47

6–9 h

124(81%)

3.54±0.14

2.76 ±0.27

> 9 h

2(1.3%)

3.84±0.89

2.40 ±0.04

weight cycling

-0.368

0.713

0.462

0.645

< 2

33(21.6%)

3.38±0.26

2.93 ±0.77

≥ 2

120(78.4%)

3.48±0.15

2.68 ±0.20