Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants (N = 2,469)
Variables | Total (N = 2,469) | Frail (N = 269) | Non-frail (N = 2,200) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | ||
Age | 77.8 (3.8) | 78.2 (3.7) | 75.5 (3.8) | |
|  | 70–74 years | 598 (24.2) | 25 (9.3) | 573 (26.1) |
|  | 75–79 years | 1,029 (41.7) | 86 (32.0) | 943 (41.9) |
|  | ≥ 80 years | 842 (34.1) | 158 (58.7) | 684 (31.1) |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | Male | 1,175 (47.6) | 109 (40.5) | 1,066 (48.5) |
| Â | Female | 1,294 (52.4) | 160 (59.5) | 1,134 (51.5) |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | Married | 1,627 (65.9) | 154 (57.3) | 1,473 (66.9) |
| Â | Others | 842 (34.1) | 115 (42.7) | 727 (33.1) |
Education | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | < Elementary school | 487 (19.7) | 100 (37.2) | 387 (17.6) |
| Â | Elementary school | 668 (27.1) | 77 (28.6) | 591 (26.9) |
|  | ≥ Middle school | 1,314 (53.2) | 92 (34.2) | 1,222 (55.5) |
Monthly household income | Â | Â | ||
|  | < 1 million KRW | 1,060 (42.9) | 169 (62.8) | 891 (40.5) |
|  | 1 ~ 2 million KRW | 569(23.1) | 54 (20.1) | 515 (23.4) |
|  | > 2 million KRW | 773 (31.3) | 37 (13.8) | 736 (33.4) |
|  | Don’t know | 67 (2.7) | 9 (3.4) | 58 (2.6) |
Smartphone ownership | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | No | 1,015 (41.1) | 187 (69.5) | 828 (37.6) |
| Â | Yes | 1,454 (58.9) | 82 (30.5) | 1,372 (62.4) |
Health literacy (range 0–12) | 7.8 (3.0) | 5.7 (2.8) | 8.0 (3.0) | |
Social support (range 8–34) | 28.0 (6.9) | 27.2 (7.6) | 28.1 (6.9) | |