Table 4 Results of multivariable linear regression analyses examining the socio-demographic and lifestyle correlates of health-nudges

Age groups (years)

 18 to 34 (Reference)

 35 to 49

0.05

-0.18

0.27

0.692

-0.29

-0.61

0.02

0.066

-0.10

-0.46

0.26

0.581

 50 to 64

0.19

-0.08

0.45

0.163

-0.35

-0.72

0.01

0.058

-0.06

-0.48

0.36

0.777

 65 and above

0.13

-0.15

0.42

0.363

-0.45

-0.87

-0.03

0.035

-0.01

-0.51

0.50

0.974

Sex

 Female (Reference)

 Male

-0.01

-0.14

0.13

0.898

-0.26

-0.45

-0.07

0.008

-0.14

-0.38

0.10

0.240

Ethnicity

 Chinese (Reference)

 Malay

0.23

0.10

0.36

 < 0.001

0.21

0.00

0.41

0.047

0.39

0.15

0.62

0.001

 Indian

0.13

0.00

0.27

0.051

0.39

0.20

0.59

 < 0.001

0.49

0.26

0.72

 < 0.001

 Others

0.32

0.14

0.50

 < 0.001

0.29

-0.03

0.60

0.073

0.30

-0.09

0.68

0.128

Education

 Primary and below (Reference)

 Secondary

-0.01

-0.20

0.17

0.902

-0.18

-0.47

0.12

0.238

-0.13

-0.48

0.22

0.457

 Pre-U/Junior College

0.01

-0.32

0.33

0.976

0.23

-0.29

0.75

0.384

0.04

-0.58

0.66

0.903

 Vocational  Institute/ITE

0.08

-0.21

0.38

0.586

-0.14

-0.60

0.33

0.570

0.09

-0.41

0.60

0.718

 Diploma

0.18

-0.05

0.41

0.123

0.28

-0.08

0.64

0.125

0.13

-0.30

0.56

0.556

 Degree, professional certification, and above

0.11

-0.15

0.37

0.411

-0.04

-0.42

0.35

0.854

0.11

-0.33

0.56

0.617

Marital Status

 Married/Cohabiting (Reference)

 Single

-0.12

-0.32

0.08

0.230

-0.25

-0.55

0.04

0.090

-0.31

-0.64

0.02

0.062

 Separated/Widowed/Divorced

-0.02

-0.23

0.19

0.876

0.07

-0.21

0.36

0.607

-0.10

-0.47

0.26

0.579

Employment status

 Employed (Reference)

 Economically Inactive

0.06

-0.11

0.23

0.506

0.10

-0.16

0.37

0.452

0.25

-0.07

0.57

0.129

 Unemployment

0.06

-0.24

0.35

0.704

0.04

-0.42

0.51

0.860

0.16

-0.41

0.72

0.586

Monthly income (Personal)

 Below 2,000 (Reference)

 2,000 to 3,999

-0.01

-0.19

0.17

0.890

-0.09

-0.34

0.17

0.510

-0.20

-0.50

0.11

0.205

 4,000 to 5,999

-0.21

-0.46

0.04

0.103

-0.07

-0.38

0.24

0.661

-0.09

-0.52

0.34

0.671

 6,000 to 9,999

-0.18

-0.52

0.16

0.293

0.01

-0.41

0.43

0.971

0.20

-0.33

0.73

0.460

 10,000 and above

-0.26

-0.63

0.11

0.175

0.23

-0.34

0.81

0.425

0.30

-0.35

0.94

0.364

 No income

-0.04

-0.31

0.24

0.780

-0.15

-0.57

0.28

0.499

-0.14

-0.61

0.32

0.539

BMI

 Normal range (Reference)

 Underweight

-0.29

-0.60

0.03

0.078

-0.14

-0.59

0.31

0.536

-0.14

-0.59

0.31

0.537

 Overweight

0.06

-0.10

0.21

0.479

-0.12

-0.34

0.09

0.272

-0.01

-0.28

0.26

0.941

 Obese

-0.12

-0.34

0.09

0.267

-0.30

-0.60

0.01

0.060

-0.25

-0.64

0.13

0.193

Number of chronic conditions

 No chronic illness (Reference)

 One chronic illness

-0.08

-0.25

0.08

0.310

0.10

-0.13

0.33

0.405

-0.04

-0.31

0.23

0.758

 At least two or more chronic illness

0.00

-0.17

0.17

0.994

0.19

-0.07

0.45

0.148

-0.04

-0.34

0.26

0.789

Physical activity

 Sufficiently active (Reference)

 Insufficiently active

0.04

-0.13

0.20

0.643

-0.40

0.13

0.67

0.004

0.22

-0.08

0.53

0.147

Sedentary behaviour

  < 7 h/day (Reference)

  ≥ 7 h/day

-0.14

-0.27

0.00

0.470

-0.08

-0.28

0.12

0.436

0.00

-0.24

0.24

0.992

DASH Score

  < 16 (Reference)

 16 to ≤ 19

0.13

-0.05

0.30

0.157

0.16

-0.10

0.43

0.233

0.28

-0.02

0.58

0.067

 19 to ≤ 22

0.18

-0.01

0.36

0.066

0.31

0.03

0.59

0.028

0.52

0.18

0.86

0.003

  > 22

0.07

-0.11

0.26

0.438

0.35

0.10

0.60

0.006

0.56

0.25

0.88

 < 0.001