Table 2 Estimated adjusted odds ratio [95% Confidence Intervals] using multilevel logistic regression for stunting among children (36–59 months) in Malda district, 2018
Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effects | ||||||
 Child’s age | ||||||
  36–47 Months® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  48–59 Months |  | 0.96 [0.69–1.33] | 1.00 [0.72–1.41] | 1.07 [0.76–1.51] | 1.05 [0.75–1.48] | 1.05 [0.75–1.48] |
 Child’s sex | ||||||
  Male® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Female |  | 1.29 [0.93–1.78] | 1.20 [0.86–1.68] | 1.21 [0.87–1.70] | 1.22 [0.87–1.70] | 1.23 [0.88–1.73] |
 Birth order | ||||||
  1® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  2 |  | 0.68 [0.25–1.88] | 0.64 [0.23–1.80] | 0.63 [0.23–1.77] | 0.61 [0.22–1.71] | 0.60 [0.22–1.69] |
  3 |  | 1.04 [0.34–3.14] | 0.72 [0.23–2.22] | 0.70 [0.22–2.15] | 0.61 [0.20–1.91] | 0.60 [0.19–1.86] |
   ≥ 4 |  | 0.83 [0.26–2.66] | 0.53 [0.16–1.78] | 0.52 [0.16–1.75] | 0.46 [0.14–1.55] | 0.46 [0.14–1.53] |
 Birth interval | ||||||
   < 36 Months® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
   ≥ 36 Months |  | 0.62*[0.40–0.96] | 0.57*[0.36–0.89] | 0.58*[0.37–0.91] | 0.60*[0.38–0.94] | 0.59*[0.38–0.94] |
  First birth |  | 0.42 [0.15–1.20] | 0.51 [0.18–1.45] | 0.52 [0.18–1.49] | 0.53 [0.18–1.53] | 0.53 [0.18–1.52] |
 Low birth weight | ||||||
  No® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Yes |  | 2.28***[1.50–3.46] | 2.31***[1.50–3.55] | 2.21***[1.44–3.41] | 2.23***[1.45–3.43] | 2.22***[1.44–3.41] |
 Duration of breastfeeding | ||||||
   ≤ 12 Months® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  13–24 Months |  | 0.75 [0.40–1.42] | 0.74 [0.38–1.42] | 0.75 [0.39–1.44] | 0.71 [0.37–1.37] | 0.69 [0.36–1.34] |
  25–36 Months |  | 0.56 [0.30–1.02] | 0.55 [0.30–1.03] | 0.55 [0.29–1.02] | 0.55 [0.29–1.02] | 0.53*[0.28–1.01] |
   ≥ 37 Months |  | 0.38*[0.18–0.80] | 0.33**[0.15–0.71] | 0.34**[0.15–0.74] | 0.37*[0.17–0.81] | 0.37*[0.17–0.81] |
 Mother’s age at birth | ||||||
   < 20 Years® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  20–25 Years |  |  | 1.38 [0.84–2.25] | 1.43 [0.87–2.34] | 1.56 [0.95–2.57] | 1.59 [0.97–2.61] |
   > 25 Years |  |  | 1.61 [0.86–3.04] | 1.66 [0.88–3.13] | 1.90*[1.00–3.62] | 1.98*[1.04–3.78] |
 Mother’s education | ||||||
  None® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Primary |  |  | 1.42 [0.79–2.55] | 1.44 [0.80–2.59] | 1.48 [0.82–2.68] | 1.51 [0.83–2.73] |
  Lower secondary |  |  | 0.70 [0.41–1.21] | 0.73 [0.43–1.27] | 0.82 [0.47–1.43] | 0.82 [0.47–1.44] |
  Upper secondary |  |  | 0.95 [0.50–1.82] | 1.02 [0.53–1.96] | 1.16 [0.59–2.27] | 1.20 [0.61–2.36] |
  Higher |  |  | 0.26**[0.11–0.62] | 0.29**[0.12–0.71] | 0.35*[0.14–0.89] | 0.36*[0.14–0.92] |
 Mother’s occupation | ||||||
  Housemaker® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Agricultural/manual worker |  |  | 3.14**[1.41–7.00] | 2.82*[1.26–6.28] | 1.84 [0.58–5.86] | 1.77 [0.55–5.66] |
  Bidi worker |  |  | 2.10***[1.29–3.40] | 1.98**[1.22–3.21] | 2.03**[1.25–3.29] | 1.92**[1.18–3.12] |
  Other |  |  | 0.85 [0.30–2.36] | 0.79 [0.28–2.22] | 0.88 [0.32–2.45] | 0.85 [0.30–2.36] |
 Child attending AWC | ||||||
  No® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Yes |  |  |  | 1.54*[1.04–2.28] | 1.40 [0.95–2.08] | 1.40 [0.95–2.08] |
 Religion | ||||||
  Hindu® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Muslim/others |  |  |  |  | 1.48 [0.85–2.56] | 1.47 [0.85–2.54] |
 Caste | ||||||
  General® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  OBC |  |  |  |  | 1.11 [0.62–1.96] | 1.00 [0.56–1.79] |
  SC |  |  |  |  | 1.02 [0.55–1.91] | 0.96 [0.51–1.81] |
  ST |  |  |  |  | 1.96 [0.53–7.32] | 1.87 [0.50–6.98] |
 Wealth index | ||||||
  Poor® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Middle |  |  |  |  | 1.00 [0.65–1.53] | 1.00 [0.65–1.54] |
  Rich |  |  |  |  | 0.74 [0.43–1.28] | 0.83 [0.47–1.46] |
 Place of residence | ||||||
  Urban® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Rural |  |  |  |  |  | 1.72 [0.78–3.80] |
Random effects | ||||||
 Random Effects Variance (SE) | ||||||
  Community level | 0.73 (0.14) | 0.69 (0.15) | 0.54 (0.14) | 0.52 (0.14) | 0.42 (0.15) | 0.52 (0.14) |
 ICC | ||||||
  Community level | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
 Variance decomposition (percentage by level) | ||||||
  Child level/household level | 81.85 | 82.64 | 86.00 | 86.30 | 88.71 | 86.30 |
  Community/AWC level | 18.15 | 17.36 | 14.00 | 13.70 | 11.29 | 13.70 |
 Model fit statistics | ||||||
  Wald test X2 |  | 33.74 | 69.13 | 72.75 | 80.67 | 81.96 |
  Probability >chi-square |  | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
  LR test vs. logistic regression: p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.024 |