Adults | Children | Differencee | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specificitya | Sensitivityb | Youden’s indexc | F-1 scored | Specificity | Sensitivity | Youden’s index | F-1 score | Specificity | Sensitivity | |||||||||||
Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI) | Value | (95% CI)f | Value | (95% CI)f | |
Individual symptoms | ||||||||||||||||||||
Upper respiratory | ||||||||||||||||||||
Nasal congestion or rhinorrhea | 40 | (30, 51) | 91 | (78, 97) | 32 | (17, 44) | 54 | (40, 66) | 63 | (44, 77) | 86 | (58, 100) | 49 | (25, 67) | 55 | (32, 71) | −23 | (− 44, 2) | 6 | (−13, 31) |
Sore throat | 61 | (50, 72) | 51 | (33, 68) | 12 | (−9, 31) | 41 | (26, 56) | 88 | (74, 96) | 64 | (29, 88) | 52 | (21, 78) | 62 | (35, 82) | −27 | (−43, − 9) | −13 | (− 47, 28) |
Lower respiratory | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cough | 68 | (56, 78) | 86 | (71, 94) | 54 | (37, 68) | 65 | (51, 76) | 90 | (77, 96) | 43 | (13, 77) | 33 | (3, 68) | 48 | (18, 75) | −22 | (−39, −5) | 43 | (2, 78) |
Chest pain | 84 | (74, 91) | 34 | (18, 52) | 18 | (0, 38) | 39 | (22, 57) | 100 | NAr | 14 | (0, 29) | 14 | (0, 29) | 25 | (11, 40) | −16 | (−27, −8) | 20 | (−6, 45) |
Shortness of breath | 89 | (80, 94) | 29 | (16, 44) | 17 | (2, 34) | 36 | (21, 52) | 98 | (87, 100) | 21 | (0, 56) | 19 | (−2, 56) | 33 | (11, 63) | −9 | (−20, 0) | 7 | (−33, 38) |
Discomfort while breathing | 95 | (90, 99) | 29 | (13, 48) | 24 | (8, 43) | 41 | (21, 61) | 100 | NA | 14 | (0, 29) | 14 | (0, 29) | 25 | (11, 40) | −5 | (−10, −1) | 14 | (−10, 40) |
Wheezing | 97 | (91, 99) | 11 | (3, 25) | 8 | (−1, 21) | 19 | (6, 37) | 100 | (100, 100) | 7 | (0, 33) | 7 | (0, 33) | 13 | (6, 18) | −3 | (−9, 0) | 4 | (−18, 18) |
Neurological | ||||||||||||||||||||
Headache | 54 | (43, 65) | 86 | (71, 94) | 40 | (24, 53) | 57 | (44, 68) | 80 | (63, 90) | 86 | (63, 100) | 65 | (47, 81) | 67 | (44, 81) | −26 | (−44, −4) | 0 | (−21, 24) |
Taste and/or smell dysfunction | 95 | (89, 99) | 71 | (51, 85) | 67 | (47, 82) | 78 | (63, 88) | 96 | (84, 100) | 43 | (18, 67) | 39 | (13, 65) | 55 | (29, 76) | −1 | (−8, 10) | 29 | (−3, 58) |
Constitutional | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fever or chills | 82 | (72, 89) | 63 | (46, 78) | 45 | (27, 61) | 60 | (46, 73) | 86 | (68, 95) | 64 | (33, 90) | 50 | (14, 78) | 60 | (30, 82) | −4 | (−20, 16) | −1 | (−36, 37) |
Fatigue | 59 | (47, 70) | 63 | (43, 78) | 22 | (1, 40) | 47 | (32, 61) | 88 | (71, 96) | 50 | (9, 80) | 38 | (1, 72) | 52 | (19, 79) | −29 | (−48, −8) | 13 | (−32, 60) |
Myalgia | 79 | (69, 87) | 63 | (45, 77) | 42 | (24, 58) | 59 | (44, 71) | 96 | (85, 100) | 43 | (11, 69) | 39 | (10, 64) | 55 | (23, 75) | −17 | (−29, −4) | 20 | (−19, 62) |
Gastrointestinal | ||||||||||||||||||||
Diarrhea | 82 | (71, 90) | 40 | (19, 60) | 22 | (0, 43) | 43 | (23, 62) | 76 | (55, 89) | 29 | (8, 60) | 4 | (−24, 37) | 27 | (10, 47) | 6 | (−13, 30) | 11 | (−27, 46) |
Abdominal pain | 89 | (80, 94) | 37 | (21, 54) | 26 | (8, 44) | 45 | (27, 61) | 88 | (73, 97) | 14 | (0, 57) | 2 | (−17, 39) | 18 | (7, 45) | 1 | (−13, 17) | 23 | (−20, 49) |
Nausea | 92 | (85, 96) | 17 | (6, 32) | 9 | (−3, 25) | 25 | (10, 43) | 90 | (77, 96) | 21 | (4, 62) | 11 | (−11, 50) | 27 | (9, 57) | 2 | (−8, 15) | −4 | (−48, 23) |
Existing case definitions | ||||||||||||||||||||
COVID-19 and respiratory illness surveillance case definitions | ||||||||||||||||||||
CDC symptom listg | 21 | (13, 32) | 100 | NA | 21 | (13, 32) | 50 | (38, 63) | 45 | (22, 65) | 100 | NA | 45 | (22, 65) | 51 | (29, 68) | −24 | (−50, 6) | NA | NA |
ARIh | 29 | (19, 41) | 100 | NA | 29 | (19, 41) | 53 | (40, 65) | 55 | (34, 72) | 86 | (58, 100) | 41 | (17, 60) | 50 | (29, 68) | −26 | (−50, 0) | 14 | (0, 38) |
CSTE combination 1i | 46 | (34, 58) | 97 | (81, 100) | 43 | (30, 55) | 59 | (45, 70) | 80 | (63, 91) | 86 | (43, 100) | 65 | (33, 83) | 67 | (38, 84) | −34 | (− 53, −12) | 11 | (−7, 45) |
CSTE combination 2j | 36 | (26, 46) | 97 | (84, 100) | 33 | (20, 44) | 54 | (44, 65) | 57 | (43, 70) | 100 | NA | 57 | (43, 70) | 57 | (39, 72) | −22 | (−43, 0) | −3 | (−14, 0) |
CLIk | 61 | (48, 73) | 91 | (78, 98) | 52 | (36, 66) | 63 | (49, 76) | 82 | (64, 92) | 71 | (20, 95) | 53 | (8, 80) | 61 | (26, 83) | −21 | (−41, 2) | 20 | (−10, 71) |
ILIl | 86 | (76, 93) | 54 | (37, 70) | 41 | (23, 59) | 58 | (42, 71) | 96 | (85, 100) | 43 | (11, 80) | 39 | (7, 78) | 55 | (20, 85) | −10 | (− 22, 2) | 11 | (−36, 53) |
Derived compound symptom combinationsm | ||||||||||||||||||||
Combination 1n | 94 | (88, 98) | 83 | (64, 94) | 77 | (58, 89) | 84 | (70, 92) | 96 | (84, 100) | 57 | (22, 83) | 53 | (17, 81) | 67 | (29, 86) | −2 | (−10, 9) | 26 | (− 10, 64) |
Combination 2o | 90 | (81, 96) | 86 | (67, 96) | 75 | (56, 87) | 81 | (67, 90) | 96 | (84, 100) | 64 | (38, 85) | 60 | (31, 83) | 72 | (43, 89) | −6 | (−17, 5) | 21 | (−10, 51) |
Combination 3p | 91 | (82, 96) | 83 | (64, 94) | 74 | (55, 86) | 81 | (66, 90) | 96 | (84, 100) | 64 | (38, 85) | 60 | (31, 83) | 72 | (43, 89) | −5 | (−15, 5) | 19 | (−14, 49) |
Combination 4q | 94 | (88, 98) | 83 | (64, 94) | 77 | (58, 89) | 84 | (70, 92) | 96 | (84, 100) | 50 | (17, 67) | 46 | (16, 69) | 61 | (30, 80) | −2 | (−10, 9) | 33 | (3, 66) |