Table 2 Baseline characteristics of study participants by maternal obesity phenotypes
|  | Boys (n = 1037) |  | Girls (n = 1114) |  | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal weight statusa | N.W | OW. | Ob. | N.W | OW. | Ob. | p-value | N.W | OW. | Ob. | N.W | OW. | Ob. | p-value |
Maternal metabolic status | Normal metabolic status | Dysmetabolic status | Normal metabolic status | Dysmetabolic status | ||||||||||
Mothers’ characteristics | ||||||||||||||
 Age | 35.1 ± 6.9 | 36.6 ± 6.6 | 37.2 ± 7.0 | 43.5 ± 7.1 | 42.0 ± 7.0 | 41.7 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 | 35.4 ± 6.5 | 37.4 ± 6.9 | 37.8 ± 7.3 | 39.9 ± 8.2 | 41.8 ± 8.3 | 41.2 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
 Physical activity | ||||||||||||||
  Low | 143 (61.1) | 187 (62.1) | 62 (60.8) | 16 (48.5) | 110 (67.1) | 134 (66.0) | 0.348 | 179 (65.8) | 215 (63.6) | 60 (61.9) | 26 (78.8) | 116 (67.1) | 129 (64.2) | 0.560 |
  Moderate or High | 91 (38.9) | 114 (37.9) | 40 (39.2) | 17 (51.5) | 54 (32.9) | 69 (34.0) |  | 93 (34.2) | 123 (36.4) | 37 (38.1) | 7 (21.2) | 57 (32.9) | 72 (35.8) |  |
 Employment status | ||||||||||||||
  Employed | 24 (10.3) | 34 (11.3) | 7 (6.9) | 2 (6.1) | 17 (10.4) | 8 (3.9) | 0.072 | 33 (12.1) | 38 (11.2) | 4 (4.1) | 3 (9.1) | 14 (8.1) | 12 (6.0) | 0.073 |
  Un-employed | 210 (89.7) | 267 (88.7) | 95 (93.1) | 31 (93.9) | 147 (89.6) | 195 (96.1) |  | 239 (87.9) | 300 (88.8) | 93 (95.9) | 30 (90.9) | 159 (91.9) | 189 (94.0) |  |
 Education | ||||||||||||||
  Illiterate & primary | 62 (26.5) | 65 (21.6) | 36 (35.3) | 14 (42.4) | 71 (43.3) | 93 (45.8) | < 0.001 | 54 (19.9) | 81 (24.0) | 32 (33.0) | 16 (48.5) | 82 (47.4) | 95 (47.3) | < 0.001 |
  Secondary& higher | 172 (73.5) | 236 (78.4) | 66 (64.7) | 19 (57.6) | 93 (56.7) | 110 (54.2) |  | 218 (80.1) | 257 (76.0) | 65 (67.0) | 17 (51.5) | 91 (52.6) | 106 (52.7) |  |
Fathers’ characteristics | ||||||||||||||
 Physical activity | ||||||||||||||
  Low | 160 (68.4) | 192 (63.8) | 73 (71.6) | 19 (57.6) | 108 (65.9) | 133 (65.5) | 0.590 | 173 (63.6) | 218 (64.5) | 62 (63.9) | 25 (75.8) | 99 (57.2) | 115 (57.2) | 0.178 |
  Moderate or High | 74 (31.6) | 109 (36.2) | 29 (28.4) | 14 (42.4) | 56 (34.1) | 70 (34.5) |  | 99 (36.4) | 120 (35.5) | 35 (36.1) | 8 (24.2) | 74 (42.8) | 86 (42.8) |  |
 Employment status | ||||||||||||||
  Employed | 218 (93.2) | 279 (92.7) | 92 (90.2) | 22 (66.7) | 140 (85.4) | 163 (80.3) | < 0.001 | 257 (94.5) | 312 (92.3) | 86 (88.7) | 29 (87.9) | 142 (82.1) | 170 (84.6) | < 0.001 |
  Un-employed | 16 (6.8) | 22 (7.3) | 10 (9.8) | 11 (33.3) | 24 (14.6) | 40 (19.7) |  | 15 (5.5) | 26 (7.7) | 11 (11.3) | 4 (12.1) | 31 (17.9) | 31 (15.4) |  |
 Education | ||||||||||||||
  Illiterate & primary | 51 (21.8) | 57 (18.9) | 35 (34.3) | 16 (48.5) | 51 (31.1) | 77 (37.9) | < 0.001 | 53 (19.5) | 80 (23.7) | 31 (32.0) | 19 (57.6) | 64 (37.0) | 83 (41.3) | < 0.001 |
  Secondary& higher | 183 (78.2) | 244 (81.1) | 67 (65.7) | 17 (51.5) | 113 (68.9) | 126 (62.1) |  | 219 (80.5) | 258 (76.3) | 66 (68.0) | 14 (42.4) | 109 (63.0) | 118 (58.7) |  |
 Smoking | ||||||||||||||
  Smoker | 75 (32.1) | 89 (29.6) | 28 (27.5) | 13 (39.4) | 53 (32.3) | 46 (22.7) | 0.174 | 92 (33.8) | 124 (36.7) | 29 (29.9) | 13 (39.4) | 45 (26.0) | 55 (27.4) | 0.085 |
  Non smoker | 159 (67.9) | 212 (70.4) | 74 (72.5) | 20 (60.6) | 111 (67.7) | 157 (77.3) |  | 180 (66.2) | 214 (63.3) | 68 (70.1) | 20 (60.6) | 128 (74.0) | 146 (72.6) |  |
 BMI status | ||||||||||||||
  Normal weight | 114 (48.7) | 116 (38.5) | 29 (28.4) | 10 (30.3) | 55 (33.5) | 71 (35.0) | 0.013 | 135 (49.6) | 131 (38.8) | 31 (32.0) | 14 (42.4) | 60 (34.7) | 88 (43.8) | 0.029 |
  Overweight | 99 (42.3) | 145 (48.2) | 61 (59.8) | 17 (51.5) | 85 (51.8) | 98 (48.3) |  | 106 (39.0) | 141 (41.7) | 49 (50.5) | 15 (45.5) | 82 (47.4) | 79 (39.3) |  |
  Obese | 21 (9.0) | 40 (13.3) | 12 (11.8) | 6 (18.2) | 24 (14.6) | 34 (16.7) |  | 31 (11.4) | 66 (19.5) | 17 (17.5) | 4 (12.1) | 31 (17.9) | 34 (16.9) |  |