Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Age (year)

13.40

1.94

13.05

1.88

13.47

1.94

< 0.001

Sex (N (%))

 Male

973

50.3

185

55.7

788

49.2

0.035

 Female

961

49.7

147

44.3

814

50.8

 Primary school and below

873

45.1

149

44.9

724

45.2

0.961

 Secondary school and diploma

636

32.9

104

31.3

532

33.2

 Bachelor degree and above

189

9.8

37

11.1

152

9.5

 Other/data not available

236

12.2

42

12.7

194

12.1

 Lower income than expense

413

21.4

72

21.7

339

21.2

0.551

 Having debt

967

50.0

166

50.0

801

50.0

0.997

 No saving

428

22.1

89

26.8

341

21.2

0.072

 Obesity (BMIZ^b > 2)

296

15.3

183

55.1

113

7.1

< 0.001

 Overweight (2 ≥ BMIZ > 1)

164

8.5

58

17.5

106

6.6

< 0.001

 Thinness (BMIZ < −2)

4

0.2

0

0

4

0.2

1.000

 Stunting (HAZ^c < −2)

39

2.0

3

0.9

36

2.2

0.134

  - Sweetened milk

638

33

105

31.6

533

33.3

0.533

  - Sugar sweetened beverages

735

38

134

40.4

601

37.5

0.339

  - Dessert with coconut milk

174

9.0

31

9.3

143

8.9

0.835

Fruits and vegetables intake (portion/day)

2.63

1.95

2.62

2.04

2.63

1.93

0.910

 - Total screen time (h/wk)

33.31

19.72

32.11

19.35

33.57

19.79

0.227

 - TV^d viewing on weekdays (h/d)

2.39

1.56

2.33

1.65

2.41

1.55

0.402

 - TV viewing on weekends (h/d)

3.78

2.63

3.77

2.65

3.80

2.62

0.847

 - Use of computers, smart phones, tablets (h/wk)

14.59

13.52

14.24

13.40

14.66

13.54

0.626

 - Educational screen time (h/wk)

2.40

2.68

2.17

2.52

2.45

2.71

0.092

 Physical activity time (h/wk)

8.46

7.73

8.42

7.03

8.47

7.88

0.907

Screen exposure at age ≤ 2 y

902

46.6

166

50

736

45.9

0.260

 Glucose (mg/dL)

89.43

12.00

93.47

20.81

88.60

11.97

< 0.001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

169.85

35.32

169.90

35.71

168.84

35.25

0.977

 HDL-C^e (mg/dL)

51.07

12.49

40.58

8.25

53.24

12.11

< 0.001

 LDL-C^f (mg/dL)

109.92

31.55

116.17

33.54

108.63

30.98

< 0.001

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

94.84

47.58

142.45

61.39

84.98

37.23

< 0.001