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Table 9 Results of logistic regression, with binary outcome variable of intentional non-adherence or not intentionally breaking SD rules

From: Factors associated with non-adherence to social distancing rules during the COVID-19 pandemic: a logistic regression analysis

Explanatory Variables

Exp (B)

95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B)

Sig.

Lower

Upper

Constant

51.866

  

.999

Demographic Factors

 Gender

   

.649

  Female

    

  Male

.795

.475

1.328

.38

  Other

.708

.114

4.382

.71

 Age

1.001

.98

1.022

.942

 Ethnicity

  White

    

  BAME

1.204

.68

2.132

.523

 Language

  English as First Language

    

  English Not as First Language

1.484

.851

2.587

.164

 Religion

   

.73

No Religion

  Christian

1.164

.725

1.868

.529

  Buddhist

.831

.159

4.33

.826

  Hindu

1.264

.085

18.815

.865

  Jewish

.872

.414

1.838

.719

  Muslim

.521

.132

2.050

.351

  Sikh

.000

.000

 

.999

  Other

.423

.156

1.141

.089

 Highest Qualification Obtaineda

   

.02

 Doctoral Degree

  Masters Degreea

.332

.147

.749

.008

  Professional Qualificationa

.307

.123

.765

.011

  Bachelors Degreea

.361

.161

.807

.013

  Vocational / Work-related Qualificationa

.174

.057

.531

.002

  A Levels or equivalent

.353

.12

1.037

.058

  GCSEs or equivalent

1.125

.325

3.891

.853

  No Qualifications

.221

.037

1.335

.1

 Employment Status

   

.052

 Long-term sick or disabled

  Retired

1.309

.384

4.461

.667

  Working as an employee from home

.638

.219

1.854

.409

  Self-employed or freelance from home

.693

.215

2.233

.539

  Looking after home or family

1.548

.401

5.975

.526

  Unemployed

1.007

.286

3.541

.992

  A furloughed employee

1.321

.41

4.253

.641

  A student

1.02

.223

4.669

.979

  Working as an employee in my normal place of work (not home)

.358

.101

1.275

.113

  Self-employed or freelance in my normal place of work (not home)

3.184

.551

18.401

.196

  Other

.367

.096

1.399

.142

 Key Worker Status

  Not Key Worker

1.559

.91

2.672

.106

  Key Worker

    

 Deprivation

1.019

.929

1.118

.684

Housing Factors

 Housing Situation

   

.155

  Live in Own Home

    

  Live in Rented Home

.902

.569

1.431

.662

  Live in Rented Room of Multiple Occupancy House

1.737

.845

3.571

.133

 Number of People Living With

1.007

.862

1.178

.926

 Living With a Vulnerable Person

 Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status

  Not Living with Person of Vulnerable Health Status

1.26

.723

2.195

.415

Health Factors

 Health

  Vulnerable

  Not Vulnerable

1.335

.773

2.308

.3

 COVID-19 Symptoms

  Not Had

  Had

1.041

.684

1.583

.852

 Perceived Susceptibility

1.077

.939

1.235

.289

Political Factors

 2019 General Election

  Voted for Government

    

  Did Not Vote for Governmenta

.461

.222

.954

.037

  Trust in Government

.907

.794

1.036

.149

 Lockdown Phase

   

.444

  Total Lockdown

    

  Overlap of Total and First Relaxation

.769

.501

1.182

.232

  First Relaxation

.792

.487

1.289

.348

Psychological Factors

 COVID-19 and Social Distancing Knowledge

.871

.726

1.044

.136

 Social Responsibility

.96

.79

1.168

.685

 Self-Interest

1.07

.891

1.284

.472

 Intention to Socially Distancea

.468

.381

.575

.000

 Control over Leaving the House

.992

.895

1.1

.877

 Control over Others’ Distancinga

.829

.73

.942

.004

 Control over Responsibilities

.91

.819

1.011

.079

 Normative Pressure from Family

.872

.716

1.061

.171

 Normative Pressure from Friends

.942

.834

1.063

.331

 Normative Pressure from Neighboursa

1.121

1.004

1.253

.042

Social Factors

 Financial Support

  Getting Financial Support if Needed

    

  Not Getting Financial Support If Needed

1.596

.938

2.714

.085

 Community Support

  Getting Community Support if Needed

    

  Not Getting Community Support If Needed

.764

.396

1.473

.422

Support from a Special Person

.991

.861

1.141

.904

Support from Family

.853

.694

1.05

.133

Support from Friendsa

1.465

1.152

1.864

.002

  1. aSignificant predictors of intentional non-adherence of social distancing rules