Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: Preventing and controlling water pipe smoking: a systematic review of management interventions
Author/Year | Country | Design | Setting | Method | Target group | Intervention | Study duration | Sample size | Outcome | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lock Karen 2010 | United Kingdom | Qualitative | Community | Interviews | WP smokers | Smoke-free legislation (SFL) | 2007 | 32 | Increase of private smoking | Moderate |
Highet G. 2011 | United Kingdom | Qualitative | community | Interviews | WP smokers | Implementation of the smoke-free law | April 2007–December 2008 | 120 | Increase of WPS | Moderate |
Jawad M. 2013 | United Kingdom | Qualitative | universities | Interviews | Regular water pipe smokers | Dispel the misconception about WPS | January–April 2012 | 32 | Decrease of WPS | Moderate |
Javad M.2014 | United Kingdom | Qualitative | Community | Interviews | local authority staff | Use the experiences of executive authority | May–June 2013 | 26 | Identifying executive problems. | Moderate |
Mohd Zin F. 2016 | Malaysia | Qualitative | Schools | Semi-structured interviews | Adolescents | Developing new interventions | 2015 | 40 | Urgent need to new interventions | Moderate |
Grant A.2016 | United Kingdom | Exploratory qualitative | Tweets | Documentation | No human subjects | Prevention of web advertising | Jul-05 | 4439 tweets | WP smoking as an enjoyable activity and a challenge for public health | Moderate |
Colditz J. B. 2017 | United States | Qualitative (grounded theory) | Web sites | Documentation | No human subjects | Implement of existing tobacco control policies | April–July2013 | - | Current interventions are old | Moderate |
O’Neill N. 2017 | United Kingdom | Qualitative | Modified Delphi Technique | Experts and scientists of behavioral science | Developing of behavior change techniques | Jul-05 | 24 | Effective interventions in quit of WPS | Good | |
Mostafa A. 2018 | Egypt | Qualitative | Community | Interviews | Men and women ≥18 | Append of placing pictorial health warnings on WP devices | 2015–2016 | 90 | Effective interventions in WPS prevention and stop | Moderate |
Anjum Qudsia 2008 | Pakistan | Cross-sectional | School | Pre& post-tested | School students 14–19 years old | Health messages | 2006 | 646 | Improving knowledge of the students | Moderate |
Shishani K. 2011 | Jordan | Survey | Hospital | Questionnaire | nurses and physicians | Involving of nurses and physicians’ in WPS control | 2010 | 918 | Low incentive and skill to cooperate in WPS control programs. | Moderate |
Salti Nisreen 2013 | Lebanon | Cross-sectional | Household | Questionnaires | adults | Increasing taxes | 2005 | 13,003 | Decrease of WP tobacco demand | Moderate |
Ali Quadri M. F.2014 | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional | Community | Questionnaire | students 15–25 years | Improving the knowledge | 2013 | 1051 | Increasing knowledge | Moderate |
Kassem N. O. F. 2015 | United States | Cross-sectional | University | Questionnaire | Undergraduate Student ≥18 | Prohibiting from opening in close to educational places | spring 2007 | 1332 United States | Effective in WPS | Good |
Erdöl C. 2015 | Turkey | Survey | Community | Questionnaire | Adults ≥15 years | Increasing of excise taxes and size of pictorial health warnings | 2008 and 2012 | 9030 and 9851 | Decrease of WTS | Good |
Salloum R. G.2015 | United States | Survey | University (Internet-based) | Questionnaire | university students> 18 old & WP smoker | Control fruit-flavored and sweet tobaccos | June–October 2014 | 367 | Decrease of demand for WPS by youth. | Good |
Islam F. 2016 | United States | Cross-sectional survey | University | Questionnaire | university students smokers > 18 | Append of warning labels | June–October 2014 | 367 | Effective to control WPS. | Good |
Kingsbury J. H. 2016 | United States | Cross-sectional | Community | Questionnaire | Adults≥18 | Control of occasional and group smokers | 2014 | 242 | Effective to control WPS. | Good |
Smith D. M. 2016 | United States | Cross-sectional | Telephone-based | Interview | smokers ≥18 | Prevention of first use fruit-flavored and sweet tobacco | November 2012–April 2013 | 1443 | More effective in being non user | Moderate |
Jaam M.2016 | Qatar | Cross-sectional | Community | Interviews | WP smokers | Empowering the families | July–October 2013 | 181 | Decrease of WTS | Moderate |
Riggs N. R. 2016 | United States | Survey | School base | Questionnaire | School students | Inhibitory Control and Free Lunch | 2015 | 407 | Decrease of WPS | Moderate |
Jawad M. 2017 | Germany | Cross-sectional | WP Fair of International | Observation | Tobacco products | Control of packaging and labelling with guidelines | Jul-05 | 35 | More effective in prevention of WPS | Moderate |
Hamadeh R. R. 2017 | Bahrain | Cross sectional | Quit clinics | Interview | Male patients smokers | Drugs treatment along with counseling | August–December 2015 | 194 | Effective in quit | Moderate |
VanDevanter N.2017 | United States | Cross-sectional | Web-based | Questionnaire | nursing students | Training of patients by nurses | February–April 2014 | 820 | Effective in decrease of WPS | Good |
Joudrey P. J.2016 | US-UAE | Cross-sectional survey | Businesses | Observations and interviews | business owners or managers | control of marketing | January–March 2014. | 97 | Need to WP-specific legislation. | Moderate |
Kowitt S. D.2017 | United States | Survey | Community | Checklist | smokers ≥18 | Use of FDA Regulation for WP | September 2014 to August 2015 | 1520 | More effective to quit | Good |
Deshpande A 2010. | India | Pre & post test | Hospitality venues | (PM2.5) measurements | No human subjects. | Implementation of the smoke free law in hospitality settings | 2008–2009 | 25 | Decrease of WPS | Low |
Lipk Isaac M. 2011 | United States | Randomised controlled | Web-based | questionnaire | University students | Educational interventions of online for colleges’ WP smokers | 2009–2010 | 91 | Decrease of WPS | Moderate |
Stamm-Balderjahn S. 2012 | Germany | Quasi-Experimental | Hospital | Questionnaire | High school students | Educational interventions in clinical settings. | September 2007–July 2008 | 760 | Effective in prevention of smoking | Moderate |
Mohlman M. K.2013 | Egypt | Quasi-experimental | Community | interviewer | General population | Educational and behavioral interventions | 2005–2006 | 5934 | Increase in the attitudes that WP is harmful | Moderate |
Asfar T. 2014 | Syria | Randomised controlled | clinical |  | Adults≥18 | Brief behavioral interventions clinical settings. | November 2007–October 2008 | 50 | Effective in being none smoking | Moderate |
Tomaszek S. 2014 | Switzerland | Quasi-Experimental | Hospital | Questionnaire | School students | Brief behavioral interventions by lung specialists. | 2009 - February 2013 | 470 | Effective in prevention of school students smoking. | Moderate |
Essa-Hadad J.2015 | Israel | Quasi-experimental | Web-based | mixed-methods | Students | Web-based education programs. | 2007–2010 | 225 | Decrease of WPS | Moderate |
Little M. A. 2016 | United States | Interventional | Military | questionnaire | Air Force trainees | Brief Tobacco Intervention | October 2014–March 2015 | 1055 | Increase of knowledge | Moderate |
Rozema A. D.2018 | Dutch | Quasi-experimental | Schools | questionnaire | School students | Outdoor school ground smoking bans | 2014–2015 | 7733 | Effective in prevention of WPS | Moderate |
Momenabadi V. 2017 | Iran | Quasi-experimental | Dormitory | Questionnaire | Students | Educational intervention: BASNEF model | 2014 | 80 | Improving of attitudes that WP is harmful | Low |
Mahoozi S.2017 | Iran | Semi experimental | Medical and hygienic centers | questionnaire | women | Education of women in health center | November 2015–October 2016 | 60 | Improving attitudes that WP is harmful | Moderate |
Leavens E. L. S. 2018 | United States | RCT | WPS settings | questionnaire | smokers ≥18 | Testing exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) before and after and personalized feedback | August–December 2014 | 109 | Effective in quitting WPS | Moderate |