Table 2 Group antenatal care effectiveness outcomes (Aim 1)

Preterm Birth (Prim)

< 37 weeks gestational age

•

H, S

Spontaneous abortion

Pregnancy loss < 20 weeks

•

H, S

Stillbirth

Baby born with no signs of life ≤28 weeks gestation [67]

•

H, S

Low birthweight

< 2500 g, measured within 24 h of birth

•

H, S

Neonatal death

Newborn dies with 28 days after birth

•

•

H, S

Maternal mortality

Death in pregnancy or ≤ 42 days of end of pregnancy

•

•

H, S

Partner HIV Test (Prim)

Proportion of partners tested during pregnancy

•

S

Women, HIV Test

Initial HIV test; If seronegative, repeated in 3rd trimester

•

•

HIV Knowledge

General knowledge (5 items)

•

•

PMTCT Knowledge

Mother-to-child transmission (4 items)

•

•

Sexual Health Behaviors

Condom use; Partner communication (5 yes/no items)

•

•

•

•

S

Antenatal & postnatal care

Attendance; birth in a health facility (yes/no)

•

H, S

21 services received; 18 educational topics (modified)

•

Satisfaction with Care

10-items; 5-point Likert scale; Range 10–50, α =0.980

•

S

Pregnancy Knowledge

25 items based on content (modified for this study)

•

•

S

Healthy Behaviors

14 recommended behaviors (modified for this study)

•

•

S

Mental Distress

Self Reporting Questionnaire [68,69,70,71]; 20 items; α = 0.789

•

•

•

•

S

Anemia

Hemoglobin (Hb), HemoCue® (Hb < 11//dL) [72]

•

•

•

•

T

Hypertension

Blood pressure changes and symptoms

•

•

•

H, S

Postpartum bleeding

Bleeding (> 500 ml); hemorrhage (> 1000 ml)

•

H, S

Exclusive Breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding duration, # days

•

S

Family Planning

Using a family planning method

•

S

Early repeat pregnancy

Negative test and no reported pregnancy loss

•

S, T

Women

Received ART medication

•

•

•

•

S

Infant

Infant HIV test, status known

•

•

H, S