China | India | Russia | South Africa | Ghana | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
Age group (Ref: 50–59) | |||||
60–69 | 0.83 (0.22)† | −0.36 (0.28) | 1.21 (0.43)† | 1.58 (0.38)† | −0.24 (0.39) |
70–79 | 2.25 (0.27)† | −0.54 (0.37) | 2.41 (0.51)† | 2.62 (0.48)† | −0.42 (0.46) |
80 and above | 4.05 (0.45)† | −0.27 (0.62) | 4.93 (0.77)† | 3.92 (0.71)† | −1.33 (0.63)* |
Female | −0.42 (0.19)* | 0.73 (0.29)* | −0.30 (0.37) | 0.71 (0.37) | −0.14 (0.40) |
Education (Ref: Less than primary) | |||||
Primary only | 0.14 (0.25) | −0.70 (0.38) | 1.16 (1.15) | − 0.72 (0.43) | − 0.04 (0.53) |
Secondary only | −0.16 (0.27) | −0.71 (0.46) | 1.86 (1.07) | 0.88 (0.54) | 1.22 (0.82) |
High school only | −0.10 (0.32) | 0.06 (0.51) | 1.58 (1.05) | 1.01 (0.80) | −0.71 (0.48) |
College and above | 0.69 (0.47) | 1.15 (0.65) | 1.79 (1.11) | 1.62 (0.92) | 0.14 (0.90) |
Health insurance | 0.29 (0.29) | −1.20 (0.59)* | 1.92 (2.60) | 0.51 (0.44) | 1.29 (0.33)† |
Income | 4.98 (0.25)† | 4.26 (0.35)† | 3.78 (0.50)† | 5.66 (0.47)† | 6.12 (0.47)† |
Living environment | 0.96 (0.15)† | 0.58 (0.14)† | 1.03 (0.38)† | 1.29 (0.22)† | −0.44 (0.23) |
Cognitive function | 0.63 (0.11)† | 0.93 (0.21)† | 0.92 (0.21)† | 1.09 (0.19)† | 1.26 (0.22)† |
Physical function | −0.40 (0.01)† | −0.31 (0.01)† | − 0.37 (0.02)† | −0.31 (0.01)† | − 0.36 (0.01)† |
Arthritis | −2.78 (0.22)† | −2.31 (0.33)† | −2.98 (0.37)† | −1.60 (0.40)† | −1.05 (0.46)* |
Hypertension | 0.37 (0.18)* | 0.13 (0.26) | −1.55 (0.34)† | 0.47 (0.36) | −0.19 (0.31) |
Diabetes | −3.24 (0.37)† | −1.58 (0.48)† | −2.01 (0.59)† | −1.67 (0.55)† | − 1.73 (0.80)* |
Married | 1.61 (0.30)† | 0.63 (0.31)* | 1.69 (0.47)† | 1.05 (0.38)† | 0.50 (0.40) |
Family support | 0.31 (0.21) | 0.02 (0.27) | −0.71 (0.42) | 1.27 (0.49)† | −0.08 (0.34) |
Community support | −2.32 (0.67)† | −1.04 (0.44)* | 2.93 (1.08)† | 3.26 (1.30)* | −0.12 (0.87) |
Social cohesion index | 0.28 (0.03)† | 0.31 (0.03)† | 0.38 (0.04)† | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.20 (0.02)† |
Living arrangements | 1.65 (0.35)† | −1.59 (0.96) | 1.67 (0.52)† | 0.95 (0.52) | 1.96 (0.54)† |