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Table 1 Prevalence of mental distressa and median HSCL-10 score by socio-demographic and selected health-related factors among men and women 18–49-year-old citizens of Yangon Region, Myanmar

From: The prevalence of mental distress and the association with education: a cross-sectional study of 18-49-year-old citizens of Yangon Region, Myanmar

 

Men (N = 1200)

Women (N = 1191)

N

Prevalence

n (%)

p-value

Median (IQR)

N

Prevalence

n (%)

p-value

Median (IQR)

Age group

  

0.004*

   

0.06

 

 18–29 years

446

38 (9.5)

 

1.1 (0.5)

453

85 (17.5)

 

1.3 (0.7)

 30–39 years

409

62 (16.8)

 

1.2 (0.7)

395

93 (22.4)

 

1.4 (0.7)

 40–49 years

345

70 (20.9)

 

1.4 (0.8)

343

93 (25.4)

 

1.5 (0.8)

Residence

  

0.21

   

0.04*

 

Rural

627

91 (17.3)

 

1.2 (0.6)

621

119 (17.2)

 

1.3 (0.7)

 Urban

573

79 (12.9)

 

1.2 (0.7)

570

152 (26.1)

 

1.4 (0.9)

Marital status

  

0.009*

   

0.09

 

 Single

326

28 (9.8)

 

1.1 (0.5)

249

55 (23.6)

 

1.3 (0.6)

 Married

854

136 (16.6)

 

1.3 (0.7)

873

191 (19.4)

 

1.4 (0.8)

 Separate/ divorced/widow

20

6 (28.1)

 

1.4 (0.9)

69

25 (35.7)

 

1.7 (0.7)

Years of schoolingb

  

0.03*

   

0.002*

 

  >  11 years

200

23 (9.8)

 

1.1 (0.5)

181

31 (14.0)

 

1.2 (0.6)

 6–11 years

602

75 (13.7)

 

1.2 (0.6)

527

101 (17.7)

 

1.3 (0.7)

  ≤5 years

398

72 (19.0)

 

1.4 (0.8)

483

139 (27.9)

 

1.5 (0.8)

Occupationc

  

0.29

   

0.43

 

 Dependent/ students/ housewife

56

3 (8.7)

 

1.2 (0.5)

553

131 (22.3)

 

1.4 (0.8)

 Unskilled worker

597

95 (17.2)

 

1.3 (0.7)

159

42 (26.0)

 

1.5 (0.7)

 Government/non-government staff

182

23 (14.8)

 

1.1 (0.5)

109

24 (18.9)

 

1.3 (0.7)

 Small own business

365

49 (11.9)

 

1.2 (0.5)

370

74 (18.3)

 

1.3 (0.7)

Income level (USD)d

  

0.001**

   

0.32

 

  > 3.1

186

16 (7.6)

 

1.1 (0.3)

286

51 (17.3)

 

1.3 (0.6)

 1.9–3.09

260

29 (9.1)

 

1.2 (0.6)

318

72 (21.2)

 

1.3 (0.8)

  < 1.9

752

125 (19.3)

 

1.3 (0.8)

584

148 (23.3)

 

1.4 (0.7)

Number of children

  

0.001**

   

0.001**

 

 No child

162

19 (11.2)

 

1.1 (0.4)

112

17 (10.4)

 

1.3 (0.7)

 1–4 children

501

66 (13.3)

 

1.2 (0.7)

552

102 (15.3)

 

1.3 (0.7)

  > 5 children

211

57 (29.8)

 

1.6 (0.8)

278

97 (34.5)

 

1.6 (0.7)

Migration

  

0.03*

   

0.04*

 

 No

1071

148 (14.0)

 

1.2 (0.7)

1038

225 (20.2)

 

1.4 (0.8)

 Yes

129

22 (21.2)

 

1.4 (0.7)

153

46 (27.9)

 

1.5 (0.8)

Family member

  

0.001**

   

0.01*

 

  < 4

682

75 (11.2)

 

1.1 (0.5)

699

138 (17.5)

 

1.3 (0.7)

  > 4

518

95 (20.1)

 

1.3 (0.8)

492

133 (26.8)

 

1.4 (0.8)

Household Debt

  

0.008*

   

0.001**

 

 No

517

58 (11.2)

 

1.1 (0.5)

476

75 (14.8)

 

1.2 (0.6)

 Yes

679

111 (17.9)

 

1.3 (0.7)

713

196 (25.9)

 

1.5 (0.8)

General Health Status

  

0.004*

   

0.001**

 

 Good

868

98 (12.5)

 

1.1 (0.5)

627

108 (16.5)

 

1.2 (0.6)

  Poor

332

72 (20.7)

 

1.4 (0.7)

564

163 (26.6)

 

1.5 (0.7)

Impairmente

  

0.007*

   

0.04*

 

 No

697

78 (11.6)

 

1.1 (0.5)

510

89 (17.6)

 

1.2 (0.6)

 Yes

503

92 (19.4)

 

1.4 (0.7)

681

182 (24.0)

 

1.5 (0.7)

Musculoskeletal disorder

  

0.001**

   

0.001**

 

 no pain site

349

21 (5.8)

 

1.1 (0.4)

127

18 (10.4)

 

1 (0.3)

 1–2 pain sites

564

80 (13.6)

 

1.2 (0.7)

610

111 (17.3)

 

1.3 (0.7)

 3–5 pain sites

287

69 (27.2)

 

1.5 (0.8)

454

142 (29.6)

 

1.5 (0.7)

Work loss day due to pain

  

0.13

   

0.02*

 

 No

96

11 (11.2)

 

1.1 (0.4)

60

6 (9.7)

 

1.1 (0.3)

 Yes

755

138 (18.9)

 

1.3 (0.8)

1004

247 (23.4)

 

1.4 (0.7)

Experienced traumatic event

  

0.05*

   

0.001**

 

 No

859

108 (13.1)

 

1.2 (0.6)

970

200 (19.1)

 

1.3 (0.7)

 Yes

341

62 (18.9)

 

1.3 (0.8)

221

71 (30.5)

 

1.5 (0.8)

Domestic violence

  

0.002*

   

0.001**

 

 No

624

71 (11.4)

 

1.1 (0.4)

513

71 (14.3)

 

1.2 (0.6)

 Yes

576

99 (18.4)

 

1.4 (0.7)

678

200 (26.6)

 

1.5 (0.8)

  1. aMental distress: > 1.85 HSCL score
  2. bYears at school: < 5 years (primary education); 6–11 years (secondary education: middle and high schools); > 11 years (tertiary education: university)
  3. cOccupation: Dependent (students, housewives and unable to work); Unskilled workers (odds job); Government and
  4. nongovernment staff (getting monthly salary)
  5. dExchange rate: US$1 = 1363 Myanmar Kyats as of 4 November 2018
  6. eImpairment of mobility/hearing/vision/washing/concentration. A positive answer in any of these symptoms is noted as ‘Yes’
  7. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001
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