Table 1 Characteristics of included observational studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis in Ethiopia

Animaw W et al. 2014 [30]

Amhara

community based

Arba Minch town and Arba Minch Zuria District

CS

630

100%

7

12–23 month

Mother had formal education, (OR = 4.60; 95% CI: 3.13–6.77), gave birth to the health facility, (OR = 3.20; 95% CI: 2.00–5.15), knowledge on immunization schedule (OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.30,0.71).travelling time < 60 min, (OR = 7.60; 95% CI: 2.67–21.66)

Aregawi G et al. 2017 [31]

Tigray

community based

Laelay Adiabo District

UMCC

270

100%

8

12–23 month

Knowledge on schedule,(OR = 6.98; 95% CI: 3.94–12.37), PNC follow up, (OR = 7.08; 95% CI: 3.67–13.65)

Asfaw A et al. 2019 [23]

SNNP

community based

Sodo Zurea Distric

UMCC

344

100%

9

12–23 month

Had formal education, (OR = 2.34;95% CI: 1.15–3.64), knowledge on immunization schedule, (OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.73–4.48), PNC follow up, (OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.73–4.48)

Ayal D and Bekele T 2014 [32]

Amhara

community based

Mecha District

CS

497

100%

9

12–23 month

Father had formal education, (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.90,1.82), urban residence, (OR = 3.94, 95% CI: 1.76–8.82). gave birth to the health facility, (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.30,2.84), knowledge on immunization schedule, (OR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.42–5.39)

Birhan, Y., et al. 2014 [33]

SNNP

community based

Hawassa Zuria District

UMCC

308

98%

8

12–23 month

Mother had formal education,(0R = 5.62;95% CI: 3.34–9.47), urban residence (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17–0.69), gave birth to the health facility (OR = 5.95;95% CI: 2.93,12.11). knowledge on immunization -schedule,(OR = 5.02; 95% CI: 2.79–9.04)

knowledge on immunization benefit, (OR = 2.05;95% CI: 1.09–3.87). ANC follow up, (OR = 0.98;95% CI: 0.65,1.49). TT vaccination, (OR = 3.47;95% CI: 2.10–5.73).

Bizuneh Ayano 2014 [34]

SNNP

community based

Hosanna Town

CS

508

100%

8

12–23 month

knowledge on immunization schedule, (OR = 2.28;95% CI:1.79–9.04). ANC follow up, (OR = 6.49; 95% CI: 2.76–15.26). TT vaccination, (OR = 4.85;95% CI: 3.38–6.97)

Etana and Deressa 2012 [21]

Oromia

community based

Ambo District

CS

536

100%

7

12–23 month

Gave birth to the health facility, (OR = 0.71;95%CI: 0.43,1.17). knowledge on age immunization complete, (OR = 10.03; 95% CI: 5.02,9.75). ANC follow up, (OR = 6.38; 95% CI: 4.01,10.15)

Girmay and Dadi 2019 [35]

Tigray

community based

Debre Markos Town

CS

620

99.5%

8

12–23 month

Mother had formal education, (OR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.20–2.59). gave birth to the health facility, (OR = 3.52;95% CI: 2.36–5.25), family size > = 4, (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.54,3.57). knowledge on immunization schedule, (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.15–0.34), travelling time < 60 min, (OR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.47–3.30)

Gualu and Dilia 2017 [22]

Amhara

community based

Debre Markos Town

CS

288

96.8%

7

12–23 month

ANC follow up, (OR = 3.67; 95% CI: 1.32–10.19)

Hailu et al. 2019 [36]

SNNP

community based

Wonago district

CS

1116

82.70%

7

12–23 month

Knowledge on immunization schedule, (OR = 2.57;95% CI: 2.00–3.30). ANC follow up, (OR = 0.61;95% CI: 0.46–0.80), TT vaccination, (OR = 3.37;95% CI: 2.58–4.40)

Henok T et al. 2009 [37]

SNNP

community based

Wonago district

UMCC

266

99.2%

7

12–23 month

Knowledge on immunization benefit, (OR = 2.58;95% CI: 1.09–6.15).

Kassahun et al. 2015 [38]

Amhara

community based

Lay Armacheho district

CS

751

99.2%

8

12–23 month

Knowledge on age immunization complete, (OR = 2.42,95% CI: 1.71–3.43), urban residence, (OR = 1.47;95% CI: 0.96–2.26).

TT vaccination (OR = 2.45;95% CI: 1.64–3.64)

Lake et al. 2014 [36]

Amhra

community based

Dassie town

CS

724

100%

7

12–23 month

Knowledge on immunization schedule, (OR = 6.12, 95% CI: 4.41,8.49). knowledge on age immunization complete, (OR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.24–1.29)

family size > = 4, (OR = 1.14;95% CI: 0.75–1.72)

Legesse and Dechasa 2015 [39]

Oromia

community based

Sinana district

CS

519

98.5%

8

12–23 month

Knowledge on immunization schedule, (OR = 2.16;95% CI: 1.45–3.22), father had formal education, (OR = 0.18;95% CI: 0.07–0.44), travelling time < 60 min, (OR = 2.16;95% CI: 0.69–6.72),

ANC follow up, (OR = 3.03,95% CI: 2.02–4.55)

Melaku Kindie et al. 2018 [40]

SNNP

community based

Amanuel district

UMCC

308

100%

9

12–23 month

gave birth to the health facility, (OR = 0.15;95% CI: 0.09–0.25), ANC follow up, (OR = 5.10;95% CI: 3.12–8.34), PNC follow up, (OR = 3.28;95% CI: 1.84–5.85).

Meleko et al. 2018 [41]

SNNP

community based

Mizan Aman town

CC

322

100%

8

12–23 month

Mother had formal education, (OR = 3.03;95% CI: 1.91–4.80), gave birth to the health facility, (OR = 2.05;95% CI: 1.30–3.23)

Mebrahtom and Birhane 2013 [42]

Afar

community based

Amibara district

CS

1534

98.3%

8

12–23 month

Knowledge on immunization schedule, 21.50 (11.47–40.30). ANC follow up, (OR = 20.49;95% CI: 10.32–40.70), PNC follow up, (OR = 4.07;95% CI: 2.67,6.22). TT vaccination, (OR = 36.80;95% CI: 14.95–90.56)

Mekonnen et al. 2019 [43]

Amhara

community based

Minjarshenkora district

CS

566

98.8%

8

12–23 month

Travelling time < 60 min, (OR = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.30–2.92)

Mohammed and Atomsa 203

Oromia

community based

Kombolcha District

CS

685

98.7%

7

12–23 month

ANC follow up, (OR = 2.42;95% CI: 1.64–3.58)

Mohamud et al. 2014 [44]

Somali

community based

Jigjig district

CS

582

100%

8

12–23 month

Mother had formal education, (OR = 3.63;95% CI: 2.17–6.08), gave birth to the health facility, (OR = 3.06;95%CI: 2.10–4.47), urban residence, (OR = 2.63;95% CI: 1.85–3.73), TT vaccination, (OR = 4.94;95% CI: 2.82–8.66)

Negussie A et al. 2016 [45]

SNNP

community based

Arbegona district

CS

548

99.45%

7

12–23 month

Knowledge on immunization benefit, (OR = 6.30;95% CI: 2.33–3.87). family size > = 4, (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.52–3.24)

Tefera et al. 2018 [46]

SNNP

community based

Worabe town

CS

484

89.6%

8

12–23 month

travelling time < 60 min, (OR = 0.30;95% CI: 0.20–0.44), ANC follow up, (OR = 0.32;95% CI: 0.11–0.95)

Tesfaye et al. 2018 [20]

Amhara

community based

East Gojam Zone

CS

846

98.1%

8

12–23 month

Urban Residence, (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.23–2.15), ANC follow up, (OR = 3.86;95% CI: 2.42–6.16)

Tessema et al. 2019 [47]

Pastoral/semi-pastoral

community based

CORE Group Polio Project

implementation areas

CS

600

96.6%

8

12–23 month

Urban residence, (OR = 9.39;95% CI: 6.42–13.75)

Wado et al. 2014 [48]

Oromia

community based

Gilgel Gibe Health and Demographic Surveillance System

CS

889

100%

8

12–23 month

Mother had formal education, (OR = 1.46;95% CI: 1.07–1.99)

Yismaw A et al. 2019 [49]

Amhara

community based

Gondar city

CS

301

100%

8

12–23 month

Knowledge on age immunization complete,(OR = 9.43;95% CI: 5.16–17.23), knowledge on immunization benefit, (OR = 1.54;95% CI: 0.82–2.89)