| Whole sample | Low screen users | High computer/moderate TV | High TV/tablet/smartphone, low computer | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Environment | |||||
 Physical Environment | |||||
 Screen-based devices in the home (n) | 4.60 (1.10) | 4.43 (1.11)a | 4.82 (1.10)a | 4.54 (1.04) | 0.003 |
 Working TVs in house (n) | 2.44 (2.46) | 2.46 (3.64) | 2.38 (1.26) | 2.49 (1.15) | 0.93 |
 E-games consoles house (n) | 1.50 (2.99) | 1.39 (4.37) | 1.58 (1.56) | 1.55 (1.61) | 0.80 |
 Screen-based devices in child’s bedroom (n) | 1.58 (1.41) | 1.23 (1.36)a | 1.97 (1.42)ab | 1.55 (1.34)b | < 0.001 |
 Working TVs in child’s bedroom (n) | 0.46 (2.88) | 0.60 (4.62) | 0.38 (0.54) | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.72 |
 E-games consoles in child’s bedroom (n) | 0.45 (3.86) | 0.62 (6.19) | 0.36 (0.63) | 0.62 (0.57) | 0.77 |
 Parenting Environment | |||||
 Rules for TV use | 4.36 (3.95) | 5.25 (3.65)ab | 3.66 (4.20)a | 3.99 (3.80)b | < 0.001 |
 Rules for electronics use | 5.09 (5.37) | 6.44 (5.04)b | 3.61 (5.34)ab | 5.15 (5.39)a | < 0.001 |
 Emotional support for screen time behaviors | 5.64 (6.36) | 5.12 (5.75) | 6.19 (7.30) | 5.68 (5.77) | 0.32 |
 Use of screen behaviors to keep child occupied | −2.36 (2.10) | −2.73 (2.11)ab | −2.17 (2.08)a | − 2.07 (2.04)b | 0.004 |
 Parent discouragement of screen time behaviors | 9.89 (7.21) | 10.08 (7.66) | 9.67 (7.06) | 9.90 (6.71) | 0.87 |
 Policy Environment | |||||
 Child’s homework requires a tablet/laptop | 1.69 (1.04) | 1.51 (1.03)a | 2.02 (0.99)ab | 1.50 (0.99)b | < 0.001 |
Family and peer behavior | |||||
 Parental physical activity (days/week meet recs) | 2.77 (2.10) | 3.00 (2.11)a | 2.77 (2.17) | 2.39 (1.94)a | 0.032 |
 Screen time behaviors co-participation: Siblings | 2.82 (2.58) | 2.67 (2.49) | 2.78 (2.51) | 3.13 (2.79) | 0.25 |
 Screen time behaviors co-participation: Parent/ guardian | 2.35 (2.30) | 2.28 (2.27) | 2.28 (2.31) | 2.56 (2.35) | 0.48 |
 Screen time behaviors co-participation: Peers | 1.24 (1.74) | 0.97 (1.52)a | 1.54 (2.02)a | 1.25 (1.54) | 0.004 |
Family and peer knowledge, beliefs and intentions | |||||
 Parent concerns about screen time behaviors | 1.40 (1.64) | 1.43 (1.76) | 1.27 (1.61) | 1.56 (1.50) | 0.27 |
Child behavior | |||||
 Child’s sleep (minutes/night) | 548.85 (70.73) | 564.62 (70.15)b | 528.64 (69.92)ab | 553.59 (66.08)a | < 0.001 |
 Child’s physical activity (days/week meet recs) | 3.45 (2.15) | 3.73 (2.09)a | 3.21 (2.20)a | 3.38 (2.11) | 0.045 |
Child knowledge, beliefs and intentions | |||||
 Child’s preference for screen time behaviours | −0.00 (1.25) | −0.38 (1.18)ab | 0.28 (1.26)a | 0.17 (1.21)b | < 0.001 |
 Child’s addiction to electronic media (parental perceived) | 2.92 (1.28) | 2.56 (1.24)ab | 3.24 (1.28)a | 3.04 (1.21)b | < 0.001 |