From TVs to tablets: the relation between device-specific screen time and health-related behaviors and characteristics

Table 5 Mean ranks in health variables between light-, moderate-, and heavy- users of screens by total screen time per day and individual screen-based device

	Total screen time per day		Television		Television-connected device		Laptop		Smartphone		Tablet
	Mean Rank	N	Mean Rank	N	Mean Rank	N	Mean Rank	N	Mean Rank	N	Mean Rank	N
Body mass index (kg/m²)
Light users	411.99	295	441.37	220	439.48	287	447.14	289	430.93	307	459.90	769
Moderate users	489.27^†	310	453.48	372	452.94	231	444.63	273	489.23^†	252	_	_
Heavy users	479.02^*	316	475.89	324	480.95	403	484.61	359	466.85	362	466.58	152
Physical activity
Light users	490.16	295	506.63	222	459.36	288	458.87	292	478.94	308	467.25	774
Moderate users	480.44	311	457.84	371	484.85	231	462.54	272	462.09	251	_	_
Heavy users	419.29ˆ	318	430.70^*	326	451.99	405	465.41	360	448.91	365	438.01	150
Self-rated health
Light users	495.95	296	475.05	222	487.69	288	471.16	292	498.91	308	464.68	774
Moderate users	478.67	311	477.04	372	475.61	232	484.83	274	454.59	252	_	_
Heavy users	418.60ˆ	319	433.21^**	327	439.42^*	406	441.81	360	439.83^*	366	457.48	152
Hours of sleep
Light users	486.60	295	471.67	222	491.22	288	470.21	292	486.33	308	471.85	774
Moderate users	479.86	311	475.60	371	463.80	231	465.47	272	465.43	251	_	_
Heavy users	423.17ˆ	318	434.30	326	441.34^*	405	454.00	360	440.38	365	414.28^*	150
Sleep quality
Light users	487.59	295	451.80	222	474.48	288	463.27	292	497.47	308	463.06	774
Moderate users	464.60	311	473.43	371	485.91	231	477.34	272	458.18	251	_	_
Heavy users	437.17^*	318	450.31	326	440.63	405	450.66	360	435.97^*	365	459.59	150
Perceived stress
Light users	434.01	296	458.40	222	420.70	288	467.40	292	411.18	308	464.14	774
Moderate users	428.74	311	436.89	372	443.80	232	436.72	274	436.56	252	_	_
Heavy users	524.75ˆ	319	490.19^**	327	505.12ˆ	406	480.72	360	526.08ˆ	366	460.25	152

Note. ^*Heavy users statistically different than light users at α < 0.05; ^**Heavy users statistically different than moderate users at α < 0.05; ˆHeavy users statistically different than moderate and light users at α < 0.05; ^†Moderate users statistically different than light users at α < 0.05

ISSN: 1471-2458