Table 3 Determinants of underweight among urban women in Ethiopia, 2000–2016
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | ||
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
 Women’s education | ||||||
  No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.005 |
  Primary school | 0.86 (0.56, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.44, 2.18) | 1.27 (0.83, 1.92) | 1.00 (0.57, 1.76) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.21) | 0.115 |
  Secondary and higher | 1.10 (0.69, 1.78) | 0.93 (0.43, 2.03) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.47) | 1.35 (0.77, 2.37) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.74) | 0.225 |
 Women’s employment | ||||||
  No employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.265 |
  Formal employment | 0.73 (0.49, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.64, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) | 0.76 (0.56, 1.04) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.119 |
  Informal employment | 0.98 (0.50, 1.92) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.70) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.27) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.17) | 0.021 |
 Marital status | ||||||
  Not married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.330 |
  Currently married | 0.73 (0.42, 1.26) | 0.38 (0.17, 0.84) | 0.59 (0.24, 1.42) | 0.82 (0.45, 1.48) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.91) | 0.001 |
  Formerly married | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) | 0.90 (0.45, 1.81) | 0.74 (0.32, 1.71) | 1.77 (0.91, 3.45) | 1.05 (0.76, 1.45) | 0.132 |
 Household wealth status | ||||||
  Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.892 |
  Middle | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.30) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.31) | 2.99 (0.90, 9.97) | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.931 |
  Rich | 0.25 (0.11, 0.55) | 0.52 (0.24, 1.11) | 0.29 (0.13, 0.68) | 0.74 (0.35, 1.56) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.89) | 0.001 |
Demographic factors | ||||||
 Women’s age | ||||||
  15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.484 |
  25–34 years | 0.94 (0.62, 1.41) | 1.37 (0.70, 2.66) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.55) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.34) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 0.028 |
  35–49 years | 1.63 (0.91, 2.92) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.68) | 1.29 (0.72, 2.32) | 1.00 (0.59, 1.70) | 1.21 (0.89, 1.66) | < 0.001 |
 Parity | ||||||
  None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.460 |
  1–4 children | 1.06 (0.69, 1.63) | 1.12 (0.46, 2.71) | 1.15 (0.53, 2.50) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) | 0.010 |
  5+ children | 1.12 (0.55, 2.28) | 1.79 (0.54, 5.92) | 1.34 (0.41, 4.40) | 0.67 (0.27, 1.65) | 1.23 (0.76, 1.99) | < 0.001 |
Behavioural factors | ||||||
 Listening radio | ||||||
  No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.085 |
  Yes | 0.77 (0.67, 1.34) | 1.03 (0.61, 1.77) | 0.65 (0.49, 0.85) | 0.67 (0.45, 0.98) | 0.64 (0.66, 0.93) | 0.038 |
 Read magazine | ||||||
  No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
  Yes | 1.28 (0.82, 2.00) | 1.04 (0.49, 2.20) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) | 1.23 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) | 0.116 |
 Watch television | ||||||
  No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.005 |
  Yes | 1.03 (0.79, 1.36) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.14) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.43) | 1.16 (0.61, 2.22) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.155 |
Community-level factor | ||||||
 Region of residence | ||||||
  Tigray | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.279 |
  Afar | 0.61 (0.41, 0.92) | 0.44 (0.17, 1.10) | 1.09 (0.68, 1.75) | 1.21 (0.78, 1.86) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.22) | 0.009 |
  Amhara | 1.00 (0.53, 1.88) | 0.47 90.23, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.39, 1.67) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.90) | 0.75 (0.51, 1.10) | 0.014 |
  Oromia | 0.70 (0.42, 1.16) | 0.57 (0.25, 1.33) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.11) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.19) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.86) | 0.969 |
  Somali | 3.06 (1.18, 7.89) | 0.91 (0.43, 1.93) | 0.63 (0.36, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.47, 1.53) | 1.04 (0.67, 1.63) | 0.016 |
  Benishangul | 1.63 (1.04, 2.54) | 1.20 (0.32, 4.46) | 0.54 (0.29, 1.00) | 0.49 (0.20, 1.25) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.21) | 0.003 |
  SNNPRb | 0.54 (0.23, 1.28) | 0.33 (0.16, 0.72) | 0.50 (0.27, 0.95) | 0.24 (0.14, 0.42) | 0.43 (0.30, 0.61) | < 0.001 |
  Gambella | 1.17 (0.40, 3.38) | 0.93 (0.28, 3.15) | 0.72 (0.37, 1.43) | 1.32 (0.83, 2.08) | 1.10 (0.75, 1.63) | 0.521 |
  Metropolis | 0.64 (0.42, 0.99) | 0.49 (0.28, 0.84) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.76) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.55 (0.46, 0.67) | 0.901 |