Table 1 Prevalence of underweight by study variables among urban women in Ethiopia, 2000–2016
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | 2000–2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | aDiff (95% CI) | |
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
 Women’s education | ||||||
  No schooling | 230 (26.4) | 55 (21.4) | 155 (20.3) | 67 (12.9) | 507 (21.0) | −13.5 (−20.1, − 6.8) |
  Primary school | 121 (19.3) | 55 (19.5) | 344 (22.4) | 134 (12.7) | 653 (18.7) | −6.6 (− 11.7, − 1.5) |
  Secondary and higher | 242 (22.8) | 99 (17.3) | 217 (17.1) | 259 (16.8) | 816 (18.4) | −6.0 (−10.8, − 1.1) |
 Women’s employment | ||||||
  No employment | 278 (25.0) | 123 (19.3) | 318 (21.2) | 226 (17.6) | 946 (20.8) | −7.4 (−13.1, − 1.6) |
  Formal employment | 176 (19.0) | 58 (16.4) | 260 (18.1) | 183 (12.7) | 677 (16.3) | −6.3 (−11.5, − 1.1) |
  Informal employment | 129 (26.2) | 28 (23.5) | 131 (21.5) | 50 (13.2) | 338 (21.1) | −13.0 (−22.3, − 3.6) |
 Marital status | ||||||
  Not married | 256 (23.6) | 113 (21.8) | 354 (23.2) | 246 (19.3) | 970 (22.0) | −4.4 (−9.1, 0.5) |
  Currently married | 204 (20.5) | 53 (13.1) | 260 (16.5) | 132 (9.4) | 650 (14.8) | −11.1 (−15.3, −6.8) |
  Formerly married | 132 (27.9) | 43 (22.6) | 101 (21.5) | 81,919.3) | 357 (23.0) | −8.7 (−16.5, −0.6) |
 Household wealth status | ||||||
  Poor | 427 (26.5) | 138 (22.4) | 48 (51.0) | 14 (12.5) | 628 (25.7) | −11.3 (−22.4, −0.2) |
  Middle | 121 (18.8) | 42 (16.4) | 4 (10.7) | 14 (34.8) | 181 (18.5) | 16.3 (−9.3, 42.0) |
  Rich | 4 (6.3) | 11 (10.1) | 716 (19.3) | 431 (14.6) | 1110 (16.9) | −9.9 (−13.3, −6.5) |
 Toilet facility | ||||||
  Unimproved | 196 (26.4) | 115 (22.1) | 477 (23.2) | 226 (14.9) | 1014 (21.0) | −11.6 (−18.0, − 5.2) |
  Improved | 397 (21.8) | 87 (15.4) | 235 (15.8) | 227 (14.8) | 947 (17.5) | −7.0 (−11.8, −2.3) |
 Source of drinking water | ||||||
  Unimproved | 89 (24.5) | 18 (21.1) | 65 (21.3) | 85 (15.8) | 257 (19.9) | −8.7 (−15.3, −2.1) |
  Improved | 504 (23.00 | 192 (18.6) | 651 (19.9) | 374 (14.6) | 1719 (19.0) | −8.4 (−12.5, −4.3) |
Demographic factors | ||||||
 Women’s age | ||||||
  15–24 years | 291 (23.2) | 114 (20.1) | 385 (22.2) | 255 (19.4) | 1045 (21.5) | −3.8 (−8.3, 0.7) |
  25–34 years | 127 (18.5) | 53 (18.6) | 190 (17.3) | 124 (11.7) | 494 (15.8) | −6.8 (− 11.9, − 1.7) |
  35–49 years | 174 (28.4) | 41 (16.1) | 141 (19.0) | 80 (10.9) | 437 (18.6) | −17.5 (−24.1, − 10.9) |
 Parity | ||||||
  None | 285 (23.0) | 120 (20.6) | 382 (22.1) | 288 (18.9) | 1074 (21.2) | −4.1 (−8.5, 0.4) |
  1–4 children | 188 (21.4) | 59 (15.3) | 245 (16.8) | 144 (11.0) | 636 (15.8) | −10.4 (−15.2, −5.6) |
  5+ children | 120 (27.1) | 29 (21.1) | 90 (23.3) | 28 (9.9) | 267 (21.4) | −17.3 (−25.7, −8.8) |
Behavioural factors | ||||||
 Listening radio | ||||||
  No | 165 (26.2) | 44 (20.9) | 216 (25.5) | 228 (16.8) | 653 (21.5) | −9.4 (−15.3, −3.5) |
  Yes | 427 (22.2) | 165 (18.4) | 499 (18.4) | 231 (13.2) | 1322 (18.1) | −9.0 (−13.2, −4.8) |
 Read magazine | ||||||
  No | 354 (22.9) | 105 (19.9) | 411 (20.9) | 295 (14.2) | 1165 (19.1) | −8.7 (−12.9, −4.6) |
  Yes | 239 (23.5) | 102 (17.7) | 304 (19.2) | 164 (15.9) | 809 (19.2) | −7.6 (−12.6, −2.7) |
 Watch television | ||||||
  No | 305 (25.2) | 71 (24.3) | 168 (22.9) | 105 (14.7) | 650 (22.0) | −10.5 (−17.0, −3.9) |
  Yes | 288 (21.4) | 138 (16.9) | 548,919.3) | 354 (14.8) | 1327 (17.9) | −6.5 (−10.7, −2.5) |
Community-level factors | ||||||
 Region of residence | ||||||
  Tigray | 73 (33.1) | 28 (31.8) | 79 (28.4) | 55 (21.9) | 235 (28.0) | −11.1 (−19.3, −3.1) |
  Afar | 5 (18.4) | 2914.2) | 11 (31.2) | 8 (23.7) | 26 (23.6) | 5.3 (−1.5, 12.1) |
  Amhara | 139 (31.3) | 32 (18.2) | 219 (24.9) | 95 (14.5) | 485 (22.5) | −16.8 (−26.8, −6.8) |
  Oromia | 163 (20.1) | 65 (19.2) | 169 (19.8) | 130 (16.8) | 527 (19.0) | −3.3 (−10.4, 3.9) |
  Somali | 25 (52.2) | 9 (22.7) | 23 (20.1) | 12 (18.1) | 70 (25.7) | −34 (−5.3, −15.6) |
  Benishangul | 6 (42.7) | 2 (35.6) | 8 (22.6) | 3 (12.3) | 19 (24.4) | −30.3 (− 38.6, −22.0) |
  SNNPRb | 44 (17.4) | 15 (16.2) | 71 (14.9) | 25 (7.0) | 154 (13.1) | −10.4 (−19.7, − 1.1) |
  Gambella | 4 (31.0) | 1 (16.2) | 5 (27.2) | 5 (28.9) | 15 (28.7) | −2.1 (−22.1, 17.9) |
  Metropolis | 134 (18.4) | 55 (15.6) | 131 (14.9) | 125 (13.6) | 445 (15.5) | −4.8 (−7.4, −2.1) |