Table 1 Input Parameters in the Decision-making Model and Source
Parameter | Value | Distribution | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
Probability | Â | Â | Â |
Increase in LDL-C | 29% (almond) | – | Tan et al. [8]a |
|  | 41% ± 12% (almond) | Beta | Tan et al.[8]a |
|  | 44% (non-almond) | – | Tan et al.[8]a |
For CVD patients | 25% (almond) | – | Chen et al. [11] |
|  | 35% (non-almond) | – | Chen et al. [11] |
Developing MI | 0.38% | – | Pikula et al. [12] |
|  | 3.75%* | – | Pikula et al. [12] |
|  | 1.04% ± 0.91% | Beta | |
Death due to MI | 14% | – | Benjamin et al. [14] |
Taking CABG | 0.11% | – | Epstein et al. [15] |
Death due to CABG | 1.85% | – | Eisenberg et al. [16] |
Taking PTCA | 0.37% | – | Epstein et al. [15] |
Death due to PTCA | 1.82% | – | Benjamin et al. [14] |
Developing stroke | 0.25% | – | Pikula et al. [12] |
|  | 2.46%* | – | Pikula et al. [12] |
|  | 0.099% ± 0.11% | Beta | |
Recurrent stroke | 30.33% | – | Benjamin et al. [14] |
Death due to stroke | 21.82% | – | Benjamin et al. [14] |
Cost (in 2012 USD) |  |  |  |
Almond | $156b | – | Trader Joe’s [19] |
|  | $1369* | – | Trader Joe’s [19] |
Organic almond | $470 | – | US market price [20] |
CABG Procedure | $37,448 | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
Sensitivity | $29,609 | – | Caruba et al. [22] |
Follow-up of CABG | $6918 | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
|  | $60,548* | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
Failure to Rescue after CABG | $5733c | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
PCI Procedure | $31,036 | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
Sensitivity | $13,688 | – | Caruba et al. [22] |
Follow-up of PCI | $9489 | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
|  | $83,050* | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
Failure to Rescue after PCI | $9243c | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
Treatment to Acute MI | $14,697 | – | Cohen et al. [21] |
Treatment to Chronic Heart Disease | $3365 | – | Caruba et al. [22] |
|  | $45,709* | – | Caruba et al. [22] |
Recurrent Stroke | $61,988 | – | Engel-Nitz et al. [23] |
|  | $330,528* | – | Engel-Nitz et al. [23] |
Death due to Stroke | $11,377 | – | Russo & Andrews [24] |
Utilities | Â | Â | Â |
Disease free | 1 QALY | – | – |
|  | 8.75 QALYs* | – | – |
Successful CABG | 0.82 QALY | – | Elizabeth et al. [25] |
|  | 7.14 QALYs* | – | Elizabeth et al. [25] |
Successful PCI | 0.85 QALY | – | Elizabeth et al. [25] |
|  | 7.44 QALYs* | – | Elizabeth et al. [25] |
Chronic Heart Disease | 0.86 QALY | – | Bakhai et al. [26] |
|  | 7.53 QALYs* | – | Bakhai et al. [26] |
Recurrent Stroke | 0.48 QALY | – | Nelson et al. [27] |
|  | 4.20 QALYs* | – | Nelson et al. [27] |
Death | 0 QALY | – | – |