Table 1 Cross-tabulation of physical activity levels with sociodemographic characteristics, clinical parameters, EQ-5D Utility Index and EQ-VAS scores of the sample (n = 932), and the p-values of the sociodemographic variables associated with physical activity in a univariate logistic regression analysis
| Â | Physical Activity Level | p-value of variable in a logistic regression analysis | ||||||
Insufficiently Active | Sufficiently Active | |||||||
n | % | n | % | p | ||||
Age (in years) | ||||||||
 Less than 55 | 68 | 13.6 | 46 | 10.7 | ref | |||
 55 to less than 65 | 170 | 34.0 | 158 | 36.8 | 0.59 | |||
 65 to less than 75 | 187 | 37.4 | 173 | 40.3 | 0.57 | |||
 75 and above | 75 | 15.0 | 52 | 12.1 | 0.72 | |||
Gender | ||||||||
 Male | 275 | 55.0 | 237 | 55.2 | ref | |||
 Female | 225 | 45.0 | 192 | 44.8 | 0.94 | |||
Ethnicity | ||||||||
 Chinese | 423 | 84.6 | 345 | 80.4 | ref | |||
 Malay | 34 | 6.8 | 35 | 8.2 | 0.39 | |||
 Indian | 36 | 7.2 | 40 | 9.3 | 0.51 | |||
 Others | 7 | 1.4 | 9 | 2.1 | 0.49 | |||
Education Level | ||||||||
 No formal education | 93 | 18.6 | 77 | 17.9 | ref | |||
 Primary/PSLE | 164 | 32.8 | 129 | 30.1 | 0.88 | |||
 Secondary/‘N’ Level /‘O’ Level | 162 | 32.4 | 153 | 35.7 | 0.60 | |||
 Post-secondary (Diploma/‘A’ Level/Degree/Masters/PhD) | 81 | 16.2 | 70 | 16.3 | 0.70 | |||
Monthly Household Income (SGD)ab | ||||||||
 Below $2000 | 175 | 48.3 | 165 | 50.0 | ref | |||
 $2000 - $3999 | 79 | 21.8 | 81 | 24.5 | 0.68 | |||
 $4000 - $5999 | 54 | 14.9 | 44 | 13.3 | 0.62 | |||
 $6000 - $9999 | 31 | 8.6 | 28 | 8.5 | 0.82 | |||
 $10,000 and above | 23 | 6.4 | 12 | 3.6 | 0.15 | |||
Housing Type | ||||||||
 1/2/3 room HDB flat | 99 | 19.8 | 95 | 22.2 | ref | |||
 4-room HDB flat | 217 | 43.5 | 170 | 39.7 | 0.10 | |||
 5-room/Executive HDB flat/HUDC | 127 | 25.5 | 106 | 24.8 | 0.23 | |||
 Private Flats/Condominium/Landed Property/Terrace/Bungalow | 56 | 11.2 | 57 | 13.3 | 0.67 | |||
| Â | Physical Activity | |||||||
Insufficiently Active | Sufficiently Active | |||||||
n | % | Mean | S.D. | n | % | Mean | S.D. | |
HbA1c | Â | |||||||
 Normal (<  7%) | 207 | 41.5 | 6.4 | 0.4 | 190 | 44.4 | 6.3 | 0.4 |
 High (i.e., ≥ 7% and above) | 292 | 58.5 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 238 | 55.6 | 8.1 | 1.2 |
LDL-C | Â | |||||||
 Normal (<  2.60 mmol/L) | 398 | 81.9 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 334 | 78.4 | 2.0 | 0.4 |
 High (i.e., ≥ 2.60 mmol/L) | 88 | 18.1 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 92 | 21.6 | 3.2 | 0.6 |
Body Mass Index (International Recommendation) | ||||||||
 Normal (≥18.5 & < 25) | 160 | 34.0 | 22.7 | 1.5 | 178 | 43.0 | 22.8 | 1.6 |
 Overweight/Obese (≥ 25) | 311 | 66.0 | 29.0 | 3.4 | 236 | 57.0 | 28.9 | 3.4 |
Body Mass Index (Asian Recommendation) | ||||||||
 Normal (≥18.5 & < 23) | 82 | 17.4 | 21.5 | 1.1 | 88 | 21.3 | 21.43 | 1.1 |
 Overweight/Obese (≥ 23) | 389 | 82.6 | 28.0 | 3.6 | 326 | 78.7 | 27.57 | 3.6 |
Blood Pressure | ||||||||
 Normal (i.e. sBP < 140 & dBP < 90) | 383 | 76.8 | – | – | 335 | 78.1 | – | – |
 High (i.e. sBP/dBP ≥ 140/90) | 116 | 23.2 | – | – | 94 | 21.9 | – | – |
EQ-5D Mobility | ||||||||
 No problems with mobility | 409 | 81.8 | – | – | 381 | 88.8 | – | – |
 Endorses problems with mobility | 91 | 18.2 | – | – | 48 | 11.2 | – | – |
EQ-5D Self-care | ||||||||
 No problems with self-care | 482 | 96.4 | – | – | 423 | 98.6 | – | – |
 Endorses problems with self-care | 18 | 3.6 | – | – | 6 | 1.4 | – | – |
EQ-5D Usual activities | ||||||||
 No problems with usual activities | 472 | 94.4 | – | – | 419 | 97.7 | – | – |
 Endorses problems with usual activities | 28 | 5.6 | – | – | 10 | 2.3 | – | – |
EQ-5D Pain/Discomfort | ||||||||
 No pain/discomfort | 359 | 71.8 | – | – | 325 | 75.8 | – | – |
 Endorses having pain/discomfort | 141 | 28.2 | – | – | 104 | 24.2 | – | – |
EQ-5D Anxiety/Depression | ||||||||
 No anxiety/depression | 416 | 83.2 | – | – | 383 | 89.3 | – | – |
 Endorses having anxiety/depresison | 84 | 16.8 | – | – | 46 | 10.7 | – | – |
EQ-5D Index | 500 | – | 0.9 | 0.2 | 429 | – | 0.9 | 0.1 |
EQ-VAS | 500 | – | 71.5 | 15.9 | 429 | – | 75.9 | 14.6 |