The association of multimorbidity, loneliness, social exclusion and network size: findings from the population-based German Ageing Survey

Kristensen, Kaja; König, Hans-Helmut; Hajek, André

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7741-x

Table 2 Results of univariate regression analysis

From: The association of multimorbidity, loneliness, social exclusion and network size: findings from the population-based German Ageing Survey

Independent variables	Loneliness	Social Exclusion	Number of important people in regular contact
Gender: Female (Ref.: male)	−0.08***	0.03*	0.38***
Gender: Female (Ref.: male)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.06)
Age in years	−0.00***	0.00**	−0.03***
Age in years	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Marital status (Ref.: married and living together with spouse): married and living separated from spouse	0.11*	0.09+	−0.54*
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.24)
Divorced	0.21***	0.16***	−0.51***
Divorced	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.10)
Widowed	0.02	0.10***	−0.83***
Widowed	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.10)
Single	0.16***	0.13***	−0.69***
Single	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.12)
Monthly net equivalent income in Euro	−0.00***	−0.00***	0.00***
Monthly net equivalent income in Euro	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
BMI: > 30 (Ref.: ≤30)	0.04**	0.08***	−0.19*
BMI: > 30 (Ref.: ≤30)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.08)
Depressive symptoms	0.03***	0.03***	−0.03***
Depressive symptoms	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)
Current smoking status (Ref.: daily): Yes, sometimes	−0.13***	−0.15***	0.38*
Current smoking status (Ref.: daily): Yes, sometimes	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.18)
Not anymore	−0.07***	− 0.08***	0.26**
Not anymore	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.10)
Never smoked	−0.14***	− 0.10***	0.26**
Never smoked	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.09)
Alcohol consumption (Ref.: daily): Several times per week	−0,04+	− 0.01	0.35**
Alcohol consumption (Ref.: daily): Several times per week	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.11)
Once per week	−0.03	0.02	0.25*
Once per week	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.12)
Once to three times per month	−0.04	0.07*	0.21+
Once to three times per month	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.12)
Less frequently	0.00	0.14***	−0.19+
Less frequently	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.11)
Never	0.10***	0.24***	−0.63***
Never	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.13)
Physical activity (Ref.: never): Daily	−0.09***	− 0.15***	0.86***
Physical activity (Ref.: never): Daily	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.12)
Several times per week	−0.09***	− 0.20***	1.13***
Several times per week	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.08)
Once per week	−0.06**	−0.13***	0.85***
Once per week	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.09)
Once to three times per month	−0.04+	− 0.11***	1.03***
Once to three times per month	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.12)
Less frequently	−0.00	− 0.11***	0.65***
Less frequently	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.11)
Multimorbidity (Ref.:< 2 illnesses)	0.14***	0.19***	−0.08
Multimorbidity (Ref.:< 2 illnesses)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.07)
Observations	7604	7604	7604

Notes: Please note that the results of univariate regression analyses are displayed in Table 2. Unstandardized univariate regression coefficients b are reported; Standard errors in parentheses; *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.10; Loneliness was assessed using the De Jong Gierveld short scales for loneliness with higher scores indicating greater feelings of loneliness; Perceived social exclusion was measured with a scale developed by Bude and Lantermann [16] with higher values reflecting a stronger perceived social exclusion; Number of important people in regular contact ranged from 0 to 9; Gender: Male (Ref.); Marital status included being married and living together with spouse (Ref.); married and living separated from spouse; divorced; widowed and single; BMI was dichotomized into BMI < 30 (Ref.) and BMI ≥ 30; Depressive symptoms were assessed using the German 15 item version of the CES-D [46]; Smoking status: ranging from 1 = ‘daily’(Ref.) to 4 = ‘never been a smoker’; Alcohol consumption: ranging from 1 = ‘daily’ to 6 = ‘never; Physical activity: ranging from 1 = ‘daily’ to 6 = ‘never’ (Ref.); Multimorbidity was dichotomized into < 2 illnesses (Ref.) and ≥ 2 illnesses

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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