Raising cigarette excise tax to reduce consumption in low-and middle-income countries of the Asia-Pacific region:a simulation of the anticipated health and taxation revenues impacts

Table 2 Results of fixed effect regression models of panel data, 22 Asia- Pacific countries (1999–2015)

Ln: natural logarithm; C_it: the annual cigarette consumption per capita in the population aged 15 and older in country i in year t; P_it: the cigarette real retail price per pack of 20 cigarettes in country i in year t; GNI_it: per capita gross national income in country i in year t; FCTC_it: the dummy variable to describe the state of ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in country i in year t; ** denote statistically significant at 5%; Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Sargan test stands for overidentification test of all instruments. Wald F test stands for weak identification test (Kleibergen-Paap rk F statistic)
^aGroup1 countries (GNI per capita of US$999 or less): Cambodia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar
^bGroup 2 countries (GNI per capita between US$1000 and US$1999): India, Laos, Vietnam, Bhutan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
^cGroup 3 countries (GNI per capita between US$2000 and US$2999): Indonesia, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu
^dGroup 4 countries (GNI per capita between US$3000 and US$3999): Philippines, Samoa, Tonga
^eGroup 5 countries (GNI per capita between US$4000 and US$5999): Fiji, Maldives, Thailand
^fGroup 6 countries (GNI per capita of US$5999 or more): China, Malaysia

ISSN: 1471-2458