Table 3 Articles selected for review of ERS effects on (3) MSK disorders

Hillsdon, et al. 2002 [49]

RCT, Quantitative

ERS vs. no intervention

Baseline

12 months

N = 1658 45–64 years

Mean = n/a

SD = n/a

Musculoskeletal

12

1-to-1 exercise sessions, weekly

Self-reported PA MLTAQ BMI (kg/m²) Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg)

⇑ 124, p = 0.39

⇑

⇓ p = 0.86

⇓ p = 0.81

⇓**

Intention to treat analysis revealed no significant differences in PA between groups. Community-based PA ERS have some impact on reducing sedentary behaviour in the short-term, but unlikely to be sustained and lead to benefits in terms of health.

James, et al 2009 [50]

Observational cohort study Quantitative

Population based analysis

Completion

N = 1315 Under 50 = 539 Over 50 = 776

Mean = n/a

SD = n/a

Musculoskeletal

26

1-to-1 and group exercise sessions

BMI (kg/m²) BP(mmHg)

⇓1.292 p = 0.043

⇓*

Completers demonstrated an increased likelihood of reduced BP. Participants who achieved a reduction in body mass had an increased likelihood of achieving reduced BP. Completion is associated with reduced body mass and BP.

Tobi, et al. 2012 [43]

Retrospective, Quantitative

Adherers vs. non-adherers

13 weeks Completion

N = 701

Mean = 46.4

SD = 13.85

Musculoskeletal (orthopaedic n = 164) Cardiovascular (n = 111) Mental health (n = 141) Respiratory (n = 34) Other (n = 23) Metabolic (n = 228)

20–26

1-to-1, aerobic and resistance exercise, 1–2 x weekly

Adherence (DV) BMI (kg/m²) BP (mmHg)

⇑^b **

^-

^-

Longer term schemes increased adherence. Longer-term adherence was found for increasing age and medical condition. For every 10-year increase in age, the odds of people continuing exercise increased by 21.8%. Participants referred with metabolic conditions were more likely to adhere than those with orthopaedic, CV and other disorders. Longer-term schemes offer the opportunity to maintain adherence to exercise.