Table 6 Unstandardized path coefficients for mediation model of affect towards e-cigarettes, risk perceptions, and e-cigarettes use (n = 5389)
Direct paths | Path coefficienta | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Affect → E-cigarette use status (ref = Current e-cigarette user) | |||
Never user (vs. Current e-cigarette user) | − 0.24 | − 0.27 – − 0.21 | < 0.001 |
Former user (vs. Current e-cigarette user) | − 0.17 | − 0.20 – − 0.14 | < 0.001 |
Affect → Risk Perceptions | − 1.05 | − 1.28 – − 0.83 | < 0.001 |
Risk Perceptions → E-cigarette use status (ref = Current e-cigarette user) | |||
Never user (vs. Current e-cigarette user) | 0.07 | 0.06 – 0.08 | < 0.001 |
Former user (vs. Current e-cigarette user) | 0.03 | 0.02 – 0.04 | < 0.001 |
Covariates → Affect | |||
Age (ref = 18–29 years old) | |||
30–44 years old | − 0.04 | − 0.39 – 0.31 | 0.818 |
45–59 years old | − 0.27 | − 0.62 – 0.07 | 0.119 |
60+ years old | 0.14 | − 0.19 – 0.48 | 0.401 |
Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic) | |||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.00 | − 0.45 – 0.45 | 0.994 |
Hispanic, any race | − 0.39 | − 0.75 – − 0.02 | 0.036 |
Other | − 0.03 | − 0.49 – 0.43 | 0.899 |
Education (ref = <High School) | |||
High School | − 0.18 | − 0.62 – 0.25 | 0.408 |
Some College | − 0.57 | − 1.02 – − 0.13 | 0.012 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | − 0.84 | − 1.28 – − 0.40 | < 0.001 |
Female | − 0.26 | − 0.50 – − 0.02 | 0.035 |
Covariates → Risk Perceptions | |||
Age (ref = 18–29 years old) | |||
30–44 years old | 1.98 | 0.71 – 3.25 | 0.002 |
45–59 years old | 3.39 | 2.09 – 4.70 | < 0.001 |
60+ years old | 5.76 | 4.36 – 7.16 | < 0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic) | |||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.86 | − 0.91 – 2.63 | 0.339 |
Hispanic, any race | − 0.24 | − 1.62 – 1.14 | 0.736 |
Other | 1.13 | − 0.57 – 2.82 | 0.193 |
Education (ref = <High School) | |||
High School | − 0.03 | − 1.66 – 1.60 | 0.969 |
Some College | 0.28 | − 1.29 – 1.86 | 0.723 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 0.58 | − 0.91 – 2.06 | 0.446 |
Female | 1.96 | 1.02 – 2.91 | < 0.001 |
Covariates → Never user (ref = Current e-cigarette user) | |||
Age (ref = 18–29 years old) | |||
30–44 years old | 0.33 | 0.07 – 0.58 | 0.011 |
45–59 years old | 0.90 | 0.68 – 1.12 | < 0.001 |
60+ years old | 1.86 | 1.61 – 2.11 | < 0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic) | |||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.12 | − 0.21 – 0.44 | 0.476 |
Hispanic, any race | − 0.48 | − 0.71 – − 0.24 | < 0.001 |
Other | − 0.29 | − 0.66 – 0.08 | 0.124 |
Education (ref = <High School) | |||
High School | 0.31 | 0.04 – 0.57 | 0.023 |
Some College | 0.48 | 0.21 – 0.75 | < 0.001 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1.15 | 0.84 – 1.47 | < 0.001 |
Female | − 0.05 | − 0.23 – 0.13 | 0.589 |
Covariates Former user (ref = Current e-cigarette user) | |||
Age (ref = 18–29 years old) | |||
30–44 years old | 0.14 | − 0.14 – 0.42 | 0.338 |
45–59 years old | 0.20 | − 0.04 – 0.45 | 0.107 |
60+ years old | 0.45 | 0.16 – 0.74 | 0.002 |
Race/Ethnicity (ref = White, non-Hispanic) | |||
Black, non-Hispanic | 0.26 | − 0.07 – 0.59 | 0.119 |
Hispanic, any race | − 0.18 | − 0.46 – 0.10 | 0.200 |
Other | − 0.29 | − 0.72 – 0.14 | 0.182 |
Education (ref = <High School) | |||
High School | − 0.01 | − 0.30 – 0.28 | 0.966 |
Some College | 0.31 | 0.01 – 0.62 | 0.045 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 0.39 | 0.05 – 0.74 | 0.027 |
Female | 0.08 | − 0.12 – 0.28 | 0.432 |
Factor Loadings | |||
Risk Perceptions | |||
Lung Cancer | 0.99 | 0.99 – 0.99 | < 0.001 |
Lung Disease (e.g., COPD) | 0.99 | 0.98 – 0.99 | < 0.001 |
Heart Disease | 0.97 | 0.97 – 0.98 | < 0.001 |
Early/Premature Death | 0.96 | 0.96 – 0.97 | < 0.001 |
Affect | |||
First Image Rating | 0.87 | 0.85 – 0.88 | < 0.001 |
Second Image Rating | 1.00 | 1.00 – 1.00 | < 0.001 |