Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to glucose (N = 4400)

Number (%)

1159 (64.6)

634 (35.4)^ǂ

1695 (65.0)

912 (35.0)^ǂ

Age (years)

49. 1 (48.4, 49.7)

52.5 (51.7, 53.4)^ǂ

48. 1 (47.6, 48.5)

52.7 (52.0, 53.3)^ǂ

Urban living

353 (30.5)

234 (36.9)^*

766 (45.2)

405 (44.4)

Married, n (%)

1104 (96.8)

602 (95.6)

1609 (95.7)

839 (93.6)^*

School years >  9 (%)

427 (37.0)

246 (38.9)

629 (37.2)

207 (22.8)^ǂ

Current Smoking (yes, %)

611 (52.9)

313 (49.5)

19 (1.1)

11 (1.2)

Alcohol-drinking (yes, %)

503 (43.5)

285 (45.1)

27 (1.6)

13 (1.4)

Family history of diabetes (yes, %)

144 (13.3)

101 (16.9)^*

301 (18.7)

172 (20.0)

  ≤ 599

413 (36.8)

182 (29.4)^*

720 (44.2)

468 (53.2)^ǂ

 600–1999

527 (47.0)

320 (51.8)

803 (49.3)

376 (42.7)

  ≥ 2000

181 (16.1)

116 (18.8)

105 (6.4)

36 (4.1)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.9 (24.7, 25.0)

25.7 (25.5, 26.0)^ǂ

25.0 (24.8, 25.1)

26.1 (25.8, 26.3)^ǂ

Waist circumference (cm)

85.2 (84.7, 85.8)

88.1 (87.3, 88.9)^ǂ

81.1 (80.7, 81.5)

83.0 (82.4, 83.6)^ǂ

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

131.8 (130.8, 132.9)

134.9 (133.5, 136.3)^*

127.5 (126.6, 128.4)

135.3 (134.0, 136.6)^ǂ

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

85.7 (85.1, 86.4)

86.9 (85.9, 87.8)

81.9 (81.3, 82.4)

85.1 (84.4, 85.9)^ǂ

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.20 (5.16, 5.24)

5.98 (5.93, 6.02)^ǂ

5.24 (5.21, 5.26)

5.85 (5.81, 5.89)^ǂ

2 h post-load plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.69 (5.61, 5.77)

7.67 (7.56, 7.78)^ǂ

6.02 (5.96, 6.08)

8.02 (7.95, 8.10)^ǂ

Glycated haemoglobin (%)

4.34 (4.29, 4.39)

4.45 (4.39, 4.52)*

4.33 (4.29, 4.38)

4.39 (4.33, 4.45)

Alanine amino transferase (U/L)

15.6 (14.9, 16.4)

19.6 (18.5, 20.6)^ǂ

13.6 (13.1, 14.2)

15.4 (14.7, 16.3)^ǂ

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L)

32.9 (30.0, 35.7)

43.3 (39.4, 47.2)^ǂ

17.5 (16.6, 18.3)

20.1 (19.0, 21.3)^ǂ

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.31 (1.1, 26.37)

1.59 (1.52, 1.67)^ǂ

1. 22 (1.1, 18.26)

1.41 (1.36, 1.46)^ǂ

 Normal TG

924 (79.7)

441 (69.6)^ǂ

1421 (83.8)

649 (71.2)^ǂ

 Borderline high TG

123 (10.6)

86 (13.6)

169 (10.0)

157 (17.2)

 Hypertriglyceridemia

112 (9.7)

107 (16.9)

105 (6.2)

106 (11.6)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.14 (5.08, 5.19)

5.37 (5.29, 5.45)^ǂ

5.22 (5.18, 5.27)

5.33 (5.27, 5.39)^*

 Normal TC

647 (55.8)

278 (43.8)^ǂ

906 (53.5)

382 (41.9)^ǂ

 Borderline high TC

373 (32.2)

246 (38.8)

539 (31.8)

336 (36.8)

 Hypercholesterolemia

139 (12.0)

110 (17.4)

250 (14.7)

194 (17.0)