Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions for acute childhood diarrhea: a systematic review to provide estimates for the Lives Saved Tool

Darvesh, Nazia; Das, Jai K.; Vaivada, Tyler; Gaffey, Michelle F.; Rasanathan, Kumanan; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.

doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4746-1

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions for acute childhood diarrhea: a systematic review to provide estimates for the Lives Saved Tool

Study	Country	Study design	Intervention	Estimates on diarrhea (RR [95% CI])
Improved water quality at source
Alam 1989 [17]	Bangladesh	QE	Hand Pump	0.83 [0.71, 0.97]
Opryszko 2010 [18]	Afghanistan	cRCT	Hand Pump	1.22 [0.86, 1.73]
Jensen 2003 [19]	Pakistan	QE	Chlorination	0.95 [0.35, 2.60]
Ryder 1985 [20]	Panama	QE	Improved Supply	1.34 [1.11, 1.62]
Semenza 1998 [21]	Uzbekistan	cRCT	Improved Supply	0.65 [0.44, 0.95]
Improved water quality at point-of-use
Water Filtration
Aceituno 2012 [22]	Honduras	RCT	Biosand Filter	0.62 [0.36, 1.08]
Boisson 2009 [23]	Ethiopia	RCT	Lifestraw	0.97 [0.67, 1.40]
Boisson 2010 [24]	Democratic Republic of Congo	RCT	Lifestraw	0.85 [0.56, 1.29]
Brown 2007 [25]	Cambodia	QE	Ceramic Filter	0.52 [0.32, 0.85]
Brown 2008 [26]	Cambodia	RCT	Ceramic Filter (Iron rich)	0.58 [0.41, 0.82]
Brown 2008 [26]	Cambodia	RCT	Ceramic Filter with Vessel	0.65 [0.46, 0.92]
Clasen 2004 [27]	Bolivia	RCT	Ceramic Filter	0.41 [0.17, 1.02]
Clasen 2005 [28]	Colombia	RCT	Ceramic Filter	0.63 [0.45, 0.89]
Du Preez 2008 [29]	South Africa and Zimbabwe	RCT	Ceramic Filter	0.21 [0.12, 0.37]
Lindquist 2014 [30]	Bolivia	cRCT	Hollow water filter	0.21 [0.15, 0.29]
Lindquist 2014 [30]	Bolivia	cRCT	Hollow water filter with behavior change campaign	0.27 [0.22, 0.33]
Stauber 2009 [31]	Dominican Republic	RCT	Biosand Filter	0.46 [0.35, 0.60]
Stauber 2012a [32]	Ghana	cRCT	Biosand Filter	0.26 [0.07, 0.97]
Stauber 2012b [33]	Cambodia	cRCT	Biosand Filter	0.45 [0.26, 0.78]
Tiwari 2009 [34]	Kenya	cRCT	Biosand Filter	0.49 [0.24, 1.00]
Water Disinfection
Boisson 2013 [35]	India	RCT	Chlorination	0.95 [0.79, 1.14]
Chiller 2006 [36]	Republic of Guatemala	cRCT	Flocculent disinfectant	0.63 [0.48, 0.82]
Crump 2005 [37]	Kenya	cRCT	Flocculent disinfectant	0.75 [0.59, 0.95]
Crump 2005 [37]	Kenya	cRCT	Chlorination	0.83 [0.66, 1.04]
Du Preez 2011 [38]	Kenya	RCT	SODIS	0.73 [0.63, 0.85]
Harshfield 2012 [39]	Haiti	QE	Chlorination	0.61 [0.45, 0.83]
Jain 2010 [40]	Ghana	RCT	Chlorination	1.13 [0.92, 1.39]
Kirchhoff 1985 [41]	Brazil	QE	Chlorination	0.97 [0.84, 1.12]
Luby 2006 (1) [42]	Pakistan	cRCT	Chlorination	0.39 [0.17, 0.89]
Luby 2006 (1) [42]	Pakistan	cRCT	Flocculent disinfectant	0.54 [0.31, 0.94]
Mahfouz 1995 [43]	Saudi Arabia	QE	Chlorination	0.55 [0.30, 1.00]
McGuigan 2011 [44]	Cambodia	cRCT	SODIS	0.37 [0.29, 0.47]
Mengistie 2013 [45]	Ethiopia	RCT	Chlorination	0.43 [0.38, 0.49]
Mausezahl 2009 [46]	Bolivia	cRCT	SODIS	0.74 [0.50, 1.10]
Opryszko 2010 [18]	Afghanistan	cRCT	Chlorination	1.20 [0.84, 1.71]
Quick 1999 [47]	Bolivia	cRCT	Chlorination	0.56 [0.45, 0.69]
Rai 2010 [48]	India	RCT	SODIS	0.24 [0.10, 0.60]
Reller 2003 (1) [49]	Republic of Guatemala	RCT	Chlorination	0.77 [0.29, 2.08]
			Chlorination with vessel	0.92 [0.65, 1.30]
			Flocculent disinfectant	0.69 [0.50, 0.95]
			Flocculent disinfectant with vessel	1.05 [0.78, 1.41]
Rose 2006 [50]	India	QE	SODIS	0.64 [0.48, 0.86]
Semenza 1998 [21]	Uzbekistan	cRCT	Chlorination	0.33 [0.19, 0.57]
Sobsey 2003 [51]	Bangladesh	RCT	Chlorination	0.78 [0.73, 0.83]
HANDWASHING WITH SOAP
Han 1989 [52]	Myanmar	cRCT	With Provision of Soap	0.70 [0.54, 0.93]
Langford 2011 [53]	Nepal	cRCT	With Provision of Soap	0.74 [0.54, 1.01]
Luby 2004a [54]	Pakistan	cRCT	With Provision of Soap	0.55 [0.45, 0.68]
Nicholson 2014 [55]	India	cRCT	With Provision of Soap	1.10 [0.77, 1.57]
Shahid 1996 [56]	Bangladesh	QE	With Provision of Soap	0.53 [0.44, 0.62]
Sircar 1987 [57]	India	QE	With Provision of Soap	1.13 [0.79, 1.62]
Safe disposal of excreta
Clasen 2014 [64]	India	cRCT	Latrine promotion and construction	0.97 [0.83–1.12]

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