Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Changes in primary outcomes using any definition for adiposity

Variable	Studies (#)	Participants (#)	Zr (95% CI)	Q (p)	I ² ( %)	95% PI
SBP	16	27,487	0.11 (0.07, 0.14)*	162.44 (<0.001)**	90.77	−0.03, 0.23
SBP (adjusted)	6	15,156	−0.13 (−0.18, −0.07)*	43.05 (<0.001)**	88.39	−0.31, 0.02
DBP	14	27,153	0.11 (0.07, 0.14)*	135.95 (<0.001)**	90.44	−0.01, 0.23
DBP (adjusted)	5	13,356	−0.11 (−0.17, −0.04)*	51.75 (<0.001)**	92.27	−0.37, 0.06
TC	8	10,420	0.01 (−0.05, 0.06)	79.69 (<0.001)**	91.22	−0.16, 0.18
TC (adjusted)	4	7272	−0.06 (−0.12, 0.01)	21.72 (<0.001)**	86.19	−0.32, 0.19
LDL	5	5462	0.02 (−0.06, 0.10)	63.07 (<0.001)**	93.66	−0.25, 0.27
LDL (adjusted)	3	3365	−0.08 (−0.12, −0.05)*	0.31 (0.855)	0	−0.29, 0.12
HDL	8	7915	−0.06 (−0.10, −0.02)*	51.65 (<0.001)**	86.44	−0.18, 0.06
HDL (adjusted)	4	5854	0.04 (−0.08, 0.15)	50.40 (<0.001)**	94.05	−0.47, 0.47
TG	8	5919	0.08 (0.03, 0.13)*	42.0 (<0.001)**	83.33	−0.05, 0.25
TG (adjusted)	5	5854	−0.08 (−0.19, 0.02)	76.20 (<0.001)**	94.75	−0.40, 0.31

SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; TC total cholesterol; LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG triglycerides; Adjusted, adjusted for adult body mass index (BMI); Zr, Fisher’s z scale (Correlation coefficient ‘r’ transformed using Fisher’s z transformation to achieve normal sampling distribution; Q, Cochran’s Q statistic; I ² , I-squared, calculated as 100% × (Q - df)/Q, where df is degrees of freedom; I ² classified as trivial (0%–25%), low (25.1%–50%), moderate (50.1%–75%), or high (75.1%–100%) [57]; PI, prediction intervals; boldfaced items are statistically significant
*statistically significant (non-overlapping 95% CI)
**statistically significant at p < 0.10

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