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Table 2 Odds of HPV Vaccine initiation (Receipt of at Least One Dose) among of Teen Boys 13 to 17 Years of age for Individual-level individual-level and area-based measures: National Immunization Survey–Teen, 2012-2013

From: Area-based socioeconomic factors and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among teen boys in the United States

 

HPV vaccine initiationa

  

Characteristics

UndadjustedbOR (95%CI)

Individual-level only, (Model 1) AOR b,c(95% CI)

Individual-level + ZCTA racial composition + ZCTA population density (Model 2), AOR b,c (95% CI)

Individual-level + ZCTA poverty, + ZCTA population density (Model 3), AOR b, c, d (95% CI)

Individual-level variables

 Age

  13

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  14

1.14 (1.03, 1.26)*

1.30 (1.16, 1.46)**

1.30 (1.15, 1.46)**

1.30 (1.15, 1.46)**

  15

1.12 (1,01, 1.23)*

1.36 (1.21, 1.53)**

1.34 (1.19, 1.51)**

1.35 (1.20, 1.51)**

  16

1.18 (1.07, 1.31)*

1.40 (1.24, 1.58)**

1.40 (1.24, 1.58)**

1.40 (1.24, 1.58)**

  17

1.03 (0.93, 1.15)

1.32 (1.17, 1.49)**

1.31 (1.16, 1.48)**

1.31 (1.16, 1.48)**

 Mother’s age, years

   < = 34

1.17 (1.10, 1.26)**

1.12 (1.03, 1.22)**

1.13 (1.04, 1.23)**

1.13 (1.04, 1.23)**

  35 TO 44

1.63 (1.46, 1.82)**

1.33 (1.16, 1.52)*

1.33 (1.16, 1.53)*

1.33 (1.16, 1.53)*

   > = 45

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Type of insurance coverage insurance

  No insurance

1.26 (1.11, 1.42)*

1.17 (0.97, 1.43)

1.15 (0.94, 1.40)

1.16 (0.99, 1.36)

  Employer or union

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  SCHIP or Medicaid

2.04 (1.89, 2.20)**

1.53 (1.36, 1.71)**

1.53 (1.37, 1.71)**

1.54 (1.38, 1.73)**

  IHS, military, other

1.43 (1.29, 1.58)**

1.38 (1.22, 1.56)**

1.37 (1.21, 1.55)**

1.38 (1.22, 1.56)**

 Mother’s education, years

   < 12 years

1.90 (1.73, 2.09)**

1.25 (1.09, 1.44)*

1.23 (1.07, 1.42)*

1.25 (1.09, 1.44)*

  12 years

1.13 (1.04, 1.22)*

0.83 (0.74, 0.93)*

0.84 (0.75, 0.94)*

0.84 (0.75, 0.94)*

   > 12 years, non-college graduate

0.84 (0.77,0.92)**

0.66 (0.60, 0.74)**

0.67 (0.60, 0.74)**

0.67 (0.60, 0.74)**

  College graduate

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Poverty status

  Above poverty, >$75,000

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Above poverty, ≤$75,000

1.17 (1.08, 1.27)**

0.99 (0.89, 1.10)

1.00 (0.90, 1.12)

0.10 (0.90, 1.11)

  Below poverty

2.13(1.96, 2.32)**

1.35 (1.17, 1.55)**

1.34 (1.16, 1.54)**

1.34 (1.17, 1.55)**

  Unknown poverty status

1.50 (1.27, 1.76)**

1.18 (0.97, 1.43)

1.15 (0.94, 1.40)

1.18 (0.97, 1.44)

 Race/ethnicity of teen

  Hispanic

2.42 (2.22, 2.63)**

2.14 (1.92, 2.39)**

1.88 (1.68, 2.12)**

2.02 (1.81, 2.26)**

  Non-Hispanic White

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Non-Hispanic Black

2.07 (1.88, 2.28)**

1.72 (1.53, 1.93)**

1.57 (1.38, 1.78)**

1.60 (1.41, 1.80)**

  Non-Hispanic other and multiple race

1.31 (1.16, 1.48)**

1.22 (1.06, 1.40)*

1.19 (1.03, 1.37)*

1.18 (1.02, 1.36)*

 Received provider recommendation to get HPV vaccine

  Yes

8.38 (7.77, 9.03)**

9.40 (8.66, 10.20)**

9.34 (8.61, 10.15)**

9.34 (8.60-10.14)**

  No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Don’t know

2.41 (2.36, 2.47)**

2.40 (2.09, 2.76)**

2.39 (2.08, 2.75)**

2.39 (2.07-2.75)**

ZCTA Area-based measures

 Racial composition (50% + of that groupin ZCTA)

  Hispanic

2.62 (2.35, 2.93)

—

1.41 (1.22, 1.63)**

---

  Mixed

1.47 (1.32, 1.62)

—

1.00 (0.88, 1.13)

---

  Non-Hispanic Black

1.76 (1.54, 2.02)

—

1.15 (0.97, 1.36)

---

  Non-Hispanic White

Ref

—

Ref

Ref

  Non-Hispanic other

1.44 (1.03, 2.01)

—

0.96 (0.63, 1.44)

---

 ZCTA poverty (% below poverty) c

  0-4.99%, least impoverished

Ref

—

—

Ref

  5-9.9%

1.08 (0.97, 1.21)

—

—

1.04 (0.92, 1.19)

  10-19.9%

1.15 (1.03, 1.29)*

—

—

0.95 (0.83, 1.08)

  20 + %, poorest

1.77 (1.58, 1.98)**

—

—

1.13 (0.98, 1.31)

 ZCTA Population density quartiles (people per square mile)

  Q1 1-20 (lowest density)

Ref

—

Ref

Ref

  Q2 21-71

1.12 (0.88, 1.41)

—

0.95 (0.74, 1.24)

0.97 (0.75 – 1.25)

  Q3 72-651

1.26 (1.02, 1.56)*

—

1.12 (0.88, 1.43)

1.14 (0.89 – 1.45)

  Q4 > 651 (highest density)

1.70 (1.37, 2.10)**

 

1.26 (0.99, 1.60)

1.27 (1.00 – 1.62)

  Q4 vs Q2

1.52 (1.35,1.72)**

 

1.33 (1.04-1.25)*

1.32 (1.14-1.52)*

  Q4 vs Q3

1.35 (1.25, 1.46)*

 

1.14 (1.25-1.04)*

1.12 (1.02-1.23)*

 ZCTA -Residence type

  1. Isolated Small Rural T

Ref

 

—

—

  2. Small Rural Town

1.13 (0.82, 1.57)

 

—

—

  3. Large Rural Town

1.10 (0.82, 1.48)

 

—

—

  4. Urban focused

1.71 (1.33, 2.21)**

 

—

—

  1. Note CI confidence interval, HPV human papillomavirus, IHS Indian Health, SCHIP State Children’s Health Insurance Program, Ref Reference, AOR adjusted odds ratio
  2. *P < .05; **P < .0001
  3. a initiation= > = 1 dose
  4. b Unadjusted odds and models 1-3 were weighted based on sampling weight and also included state random effects. The sample size was n = 19,188
  5. c Multivariable models 1-3 include all of the variables without dashes (—) and also include the variables, marital status, mother’s age, survey year, and teen’s current age in years and state random effects
  6. d Poverty status was based on the US Census poverty thresholds for 2012 and 2013