Gender-specific linkages of parents’ childhood physical abuse and neglect with children’s problem behaviour: evidence from Japan

Table 5 Estimated proportions of the impact mediated by parents’ psychological distress^a,b

	Externalizing		Internalizing
	Proportion (%)	95 % CI^c	Proportion (%)	95 % CI
Daughters (n = 865)
The impact of mothers’ childhood abuse mediated by
Mother’s psychological distress	37.9^d	(16.3–67.7)	41.0^d	(19.5–72.2)
Father’s psychological distress	−1.8	(−17.9–3.9)	−1.4	(−16.3–3.2)
Total	36.1^d	(10.0–66.9)	39.7^d	(13.8–70.0)
Sons (n = 885)
The impact of fathers’ childhood abuse mediated by
Mother’s psychological distress	7.2	(−4.4–23.9)	5.5	(−2.5–20.1)
Father’s psychological distress	4.4	(−6.6–16.8)	12.1^d	(1.1–29.9)
Total	11.6	(−4.7–30.9)	17.6^d	(3.4–39.1)

Note: ^aK6 scale scores ≥ 5
^bCalculated based on the estimation results in Models 1, 1A, 2, and 2A. Fathers’ and mothers’ experiences of childhood abuse were used as covariates in estimations for daughters and sons
^cBias-corrected and accelerated confidence interval obtained by bootstrap estimations (with 2000 iterations), given the point-estimated total impact of parents’ childhood abuse on children’s problem behaviour
^dindicates that the 95 % CI does not include zero.

ISSN: 1471-2458