Table 3 Estimates of intervention effect on potential mediators among women, comparing outcome in intervention versus control communities

  Community responses to prevent violence:

  Okay for others in community to intervene if they know IPV is occurring

-

-

79.2 (7.1)

58.7 (6.5)

20.3 (10.2–30.4)

  People who have witnessed/heard violence who have responded appropriately

-

-

47.2 (16.3)

29.8 (13.6)

13.0 (−14.6–40.6)

  Norms around violence:

  Acceptable for a man to use violence against his partner

57.0 (15.3)

59.1 (15.5)

28.1 (6.7)

51.1 (12.6)

−26.7 (−49.6– −3.7)

  Norms around women’s control over sex:

  Acceptable for a woman to refuse sex with her partner

40.4 (14.7)

35.3 (15.1)

91.3 (3.2)

74.7 (10.3)

18.4 (6.0–30.9)

  Okay for a woman to ask her husband to use a condom

-

-

78.5 (3.2)

59.2 (7.3)

20.4 (13.5–27.4)

  Broader gender norms:

  Others in community would respect a man who made decisions jointly with his wife

-

-

75.2 (0.5)

57.2 (16.6)

22.8 (−2.7–48.3)

  Man’s role to decide if his wife can work

-

-

39.3 (2.3)

58.6 (9.9)

−21.9 (−36.9– −7.0)

RELATIONSHIP LEVEL (PARTNERED IN PAST YEAR)

n/N (%)

n/N (%)

n/N (%)

n/N (%)

aRR (95 % CI)

  Communication:

  Discuss things that happen in day

243/605 (80 %)

232/274 (85 %)

402/482 (83 %)

269/398 (68 %)

1.23 (1.01–1.48)

  Discuss worries

255/305 (84 %)

231/274 (84 %)

433/482 (90 %)

295/398 (74 %)

1.21 (1.02–1.44)

  Discuss what you both like during sex

-

-

321/481 (67 %)

183/398 (46 %)

1.49 (0.91–2.43)

  Appreciate work partner does around house

-

-

269 /397 (68 %)

155/303 (51 %)

1.27 (1.08–1.50)

  Appreciate work partner does outside house

-

-

346/410 (86 %)

244/308 (79 %)

1.08 (0.97–1.19)

  Power dynamics:

  Joint decision making

219/266 (82 %)

205/246 (83 %)

279/421 (66 %)

154/332 (46 %)

1.42 (1.14–1.76)

  Man helps around house

156/292 (53 %)

159/272 (58 %)

285/392 (73 %)

164/299 (55 %)

1.33 (0.94–1.88)

  Woman refused a job because husband doesn’t want her to work

76/300 (25 %)

52/273 (19 %)

54/454 (12 %)

65/376 (17 %)

0.78 (0.15–4.10)

  Woman participated in deciding how household finances spent

216/297 (73 %)^*

169/272 (62 %)^*

321/406 (79 %)

217/313 (69 %)

1.12 (1.01–1.24)

  Additional sex partners:

  Concurrent partners

18/247 (7 %)

8/215 (4 %)

25/429 (6 %)

20/341 (6 %)

1.25 (0.37–4.22)

  Male partner often suspicious that female partner is unfaithful

-

-

68/504 (13 %)

98/425 (23 %)

0.65 (0.24–1.73)

  Relationship dissolution:

  Separated/divorced in past year

8/299 (3 %)

3/264 (1 %)

9/486 (2 %)

17/401 (4 %)

0.44 (0.08–2.52)

INDIVIDUALS (PARTNERED IN PAST YEAR)

  Attitudes around violence:

  Acceptable for a man to use violence against his partner

181/304 (60 %)

166/274 (61 %)

168/504 (33 %)

260/426 (61 %)

0.56 (0.38–0.82)

  Okay for a woman to tell others if she is experiencing violence

-

-

409/504 (81 %)

241/427 (56 %)

1.45 (1.22–1.72)

  Attitudes towards women’s control over sex:

  Acceptable for a woman to refuse sex with her partner

124/605 (41 %)

95/274 (35 %)

465/504 (92 %)

305/427 (71 %)

1.30 (1.03–1.65)

  Okay for a woman to ask her husband to use a condom

-

-

401/504 (80 %)

242/427 (57 %)

1.41 (1.18–1.69)

  Broader gender attitudes:

  Others in community would respect a man who made decisions jointly with his wife

-

-

385/504 (76 %)

227/427 (53 %)

1.49 (0.91–2.44)

  Man’s role to decide if his wife can work

-

-

226/504 (45 %)

288/427 (67 %)

0.67 (0.54–0.81)

  Behaviours:

  Drunk at least once a month

-

-

67/502 (13 %)

56/422 (13 %)

0.98 (0.56–1.70)

  Woman experiencing (man perpetrating) violence who has told someone

78/132 (59 %)

54/112 (48 %)

184/271 (68 %)

170/301 (56 %)

1.22 (0.81–1.85)