Table 3 Factors associated with prevalence of hypertension, awareness, treatment and control among treated hypertensive participants
Risk Factors | Hypertension | Awareness among hypertensive participants | Treatment among hypertensive participants | Control among treated participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CPR (CI) | APR† (CI) | CPR (CI) | APR† (CI) | CPR (CI) | APR† (CI) | CPR (CI) | APR† (CI) | |
Location | ||||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 1.14 (1.08–1.20)** | 1.12 (1.04–1.20)* | 0.97 (0.9–1.04) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.83 (0.76–0.90)** | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.66 (0.56–0.78)** | 0.61 (0.49–0.75)** |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.90 (0.85–0.95)** | 0.88 (0.83–0.94)** | 1.14 (1.06–1.23)* | 1.19 (1.08–1.31)** | 1.12 (1.02–1.22)* | 1.13 (1.01–1.26)* | 1.02 (0.87–1.2) | 1.25 (1.01–1.54)* |
Age (years) | ||||||||
30–39 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
40–49 | 1.86 (1.62–2.14)** | 1.71 (1.48–1.98)** | 1.36 (1.08–1.71)* | 1.30 (1.03–1.65)* | 1.51 (1.11–2.05)* | 1.50 (1.09–2.07)* | 0.92 (0.55–1.53) | 0.92 (0.54–1.55) |
50–59 | 2.70 (2.35–3.09)** | 2.37 (2.06–2.74)** | 1.51 (1.2–1.89)** | 1.45 (1.15–1.83)* | 2.00 (1.48–2.69)** | 1.98 (1.45–2.70)** | 0.86 (0.53–1.41) | 0.85 (0.51–1.42) |
≥60 | 3.56 (3.12–4.08)** | 3.17 (2.74–3.67)** | 1.65 (1.32–2.06)** | 1.63 (1.29–2.06)** | 2.27 (1.69–3.05)** | 2.36 (1.73–3.24)** | 0.77 (0.47–1.25) | 0.77 (0.46–1.31) |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
Malay | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Chinese | 0.99 (0.9–1.08) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24)* | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) |
Indian | 0.93 (0.79–1.1) | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.95 (0.74–1.22) | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) | 1.00 (0.76–1.33) | 1.56 (1.06–2.29)* | 1.35 (0.89–2.04) |
Indigenous groups | 0.97 (0.9–1.05) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.72 (0.64–0.82)** | 0.80 (0.69–0.92)* | 0.53 (0.45–0.63)** | 0.66 (0.55–0.79)** | 1.20 (0.91–1.59) | 1.64 (1.19–2.25)* |
Education attainment | ||||||||
No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 1.03 (0.94–1.11) | 1.00 (0.92–1.1) | 1.14 (1.02–1.27)* | 1.09 (0.96–1.22) | 1.27 (1.11–1.46)* | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) |
Secondary | 0.79 (0.73–0.85)** | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.99 (0.86–1.12) | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) | 1.05 (0.9–1.23) | 1.06 (0.83–1.37) | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) |
Tertiary | 0.68 (0.62–0.75)** | 0.86 (0.76–0.96)* | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | 1.13 (0.96–1.33) | 1.07 (0.89–1.3) | 1.46 (1.11–1.93)* | 1.30 (0.94–1.81) |
Smoking status | ||||||||
Never smoke | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Current smoker | 0.86 (0.78–0.93)** | 0.81 (0.73–0.89)** | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90)* | 0.84 (0.7–1.00) | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) |
Ex-smoker | 1.18 (1.09–1.27)** | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 1.12 (0.98–1.26) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 1.04 (0.9–1.21) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 1.28 (0.99–1.67) |
Body Mass Index | ||||||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Underweight | 0.80 (0.66–0.96)* | 0.72 (0.59–0.89)* | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.77 (0.56–1.08) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) | 0.69 (0.45–1.07) | 0.91 (0.42–1.95) | 1.31 (0.6–2.87) |
Overweight | 1.24 (1.15–1.34)** | 1.31 (1.2–1.42)** | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.20 (1.04–1.37)* | 1.19 (1.03–1.38)* | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) |
Obese | 1.54 (1.43–1.66)** | 1.71 (1.58–1.86)** | 1.28 (1.15–1.42)** | 1.30 (1.16–1.46)** | 1.48 (1.3–1.69)** | 1.51 (1.31–1.74)** | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) |