Predictors of participation in a telephone-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for smoking cessation study

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Differences in smoking characteristics and intention to quit between participants and non-participants at baseline (n = 420)

Current smoking status and behavior	Non-participants (N = 278)		Participants (N = 142)
Variable	n	%	n	%	X ² (df)	p
Smoking status^a					7.10 (2)	.029*
Daily smoker	261	93.9	141	99.3
Occasional smoker	11	4.0	0	0
Recently quit smoking	6	2.2	1	0.7
Average cigarettes/day in the past 1 month					8.09 (2)	.018*
10 or less	133	48.2	50	35.2
11–20	117	42.4	69	48.6
21 or more	26	9.4	23	16.2
Years of smoking					4.94 (3)	.176
1–10	19	7.1	11	7.8
11–20	53	19.9	39	27.7
21–30	50	18.8	30	21.3
31 or more	144	54.1	61	43.3
Nicotine dependence level^b					24.29 (2)	<.001***
Low	154	56.2	61	43.0
Moderate	78	28.5	29	20.4
High	42	15.3	52	36.6
Smoke at home					3.80 (1)	.051
Yes	201	73.1	116	81.7
No	74	26.9	26	18.3
Social support in quitting					.59 (1)	.443
Yes	259	93.2	135	95.1
No	19	6.8	7	4.9
Quitting history
Previous attempt at quitting					2.34 (1)	.126
No	121	43.7	51	35.9
Yes	156	56.3	91	64.1
Length of abstinence in last attempt at quitting^c					14.08 (1)	<.001***
A month or less	65	43.0	60	68.2
More than a month	86	57.0	28	31.8
Stages of quitting smoking					139.65 (3)	<.001***
Pre-contemplation	202	74.8	21	15.6
Contemplation	34	12.6	40	29.6
Preparation	25	9.3	69	51.1
Action	9	3.3	5	3.7

Note: The sample sizes per variable may not add up to 420 because of missing values
*p < =.05, **p < =.01, ***p < =.001 by X² test
^aSmoking status was categorized as daily smoker (smokes 1 or more cigarettes per day or 7 or more cigarettes per week), occasional smoker (smokes less than 7 cigarettes per week), and recently quit smoking (stopped for 7 days but not more than 1 month preceding the survey)
^bMeasured by the Fagerstrom scale, which is divided into 3 levels: low (0–3), moderate (4–5), and high (6–10)
^cOnly individuals who had made past attempts to quit were required to answer this question

ISSN: 1471-2458