Table 1 Participants’ baseline characteristics and associations with baseline CESD-10^a scores

Health indicators

Age (years): mean (SD)

51.6 (13.5) n = 4393

<0.001

Sex

<0.001

•Women

3193

72.7

11.2

6.4

•Men

1199

27.3

9.7

6.2

Hypertension

<0.001

•No

1166

26.6

12.8

6.2

•Yes

3226

73.5

10.0

6.3

Diabetes

<0.001

•No

2551

58.1

11.8

6.4

•Yes

1841

41.9

9.3

6.0

Chronic respiratory Disease

<0.001

•No

3235

73.7

10.2

6.3

•Yes

1157

26.3

12.2

6.4

CESD-10 score ≥10

•<10

1926

43.9

4.9

2.8

•≥10

2466

56.2

15.3

4.3

Antidepressant, any dose

<0.001

•No

3545

81.3

10.2

6.1

•Yes

818

18.8

13.2

7.0

Antidepressant, therapeutic dose

<0.001

•No

3971

91.0

10.3

6.1

•Yes

392

9.0

15.1

7.3

Socioeconomic indicators

Language

0.88

•Afrikaans

3679

83.8

10.8

6.6

•Xhosa

337

7.7

10.1

5.3

•English

376

8.6

10.6

5.3

Highest education

0.35

•None

291

7.3

10.8

6.2

•Primary

1757

44.2

11.0

6.2

•Secondary

1853

46.6

10.6

6.5

•Tertiary

75

1.9

9.9

6.4

Total monthly income (Rand): mean (SD)

1084 (1254) n = 4378

<0.001

Unemployed

0.12

•No

1096

25.0

10.4

6.4

•Yes

3282

75.0

10.9

6.4

Welfare grant

0.87

•No

1850

42.3

10.7

6.4

•Yes

2528

57.7

10.8

6.4

Housing density (occupants/rooms): mean (SD)

1.8 (1.2) n = 2930

<0.001