Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by gender and exposure to downsizing (N = 3503)
Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Displaced workers (N = 112) | Layoff survivors (N = 754) | No downsizing (N = 758) | *p value | Displaced workers (N = 84) | Layoff survivors (N = 708) | No downsizing (N = 1087) | *p value |
Age, years: mean ± SD | 50.5 ± 10.4 | 49.0 ± 9.8 | 50.3 ± 10.0 | 0.032 | 49.2 ± 11.2 | 49.2 ± 9.9 | 50.3 ± 9.8 | 0.074 |
Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Mandatory | 19 (17.0) | 83 (11.0) | 91 (12.0) | 17 (20.2) | 48 (6.8) | 60 (5.5) | ||
High school | 77 (68.7) | 460 (61.0) | 398 (52.5) | 49 (58.3) | 333 (47.0) | 517 (47.6) | ||
University | 16 (14.3) | 211 (28.0) | 269 (35.5) | 18 (21.4) | 327 (46.2) | 510 (46.9) | ||
Marital status | 0.088 | 0.003 | ||||||
Married/cohabiting | 56 (50.0) | 424 (56.2) | 454 (59.9) | 33 (39.3) | 380 (53.7) | 626 (57.6) | ||
Single | 56 (50.0) | 330 (43.8) | 304 (40.1) | 51 (60.7) | 328 (46.3) | 461 (42.4) | ||
Permanence of employment at baseline | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||||||
Permanent | 98 (87.5) | 718 (95.2) | 734 (96.8) | 72 (85.7) | 673 (95.1) | 1026 (94.4) | ||
Non-permanent | 14 (12.5) | 36 (4.8) | 24 (3.2) | 12 (14.3) | 35 (4.9) | 61 (5.6) | ||
Employment at follow-up | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Gainfully employed | 41 (36.6) | 742 (98.4) | 758 (100) | 41 (48.8) | 686 (96.9) | 1087 (100) | ||
Not gainfully employed | 71 (63.4) | 12 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 43 (51.2) | 22 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Downsizing scale | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Minor (less than 8 %) | 30 (26.8) | 394 (52.2) | n.a. | 32 (38.1) | 465 (65.7) | n.a. | ||
Larger (≥8 %) | 82 (73.2) | 360 (47.8) | n.a. | 52 (61.9) | 243 (34.3) | n.a. | ||
Past redundancies | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Survived layoff or lost job | 36 (32.1) | 162 (21.5) | 41 (5.4) | 25 (29.8) | 146 (20.6) | 56 (5.1) | ||
No | 76 (67.9) | 592 (78.5) | 717 (94.6) | 59 (70.2) | 562 (79.4) | 1031 (94.9) | ||
Long-term sickness | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 5 (4.5) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.8) | 6 (0.9) | 2 (0.2) | ||
No | 107 (95.5) | 752 (99.7) | 758 (100) | 80 (95.2) | 702 (99.1) | 1085 (99.8) | ||
Depression at baseline | 0.009 | 0.004 | ||||||
No depression (score <10) | 82 (73.2) | 616 (81.7) | 649 (85.6) | 54 (64.3) | 527 (74.4) | 856 (78.7) | ||
Depression symptoms (score 10–16) | 23 (20.5) | 115 (15.2) | 91 (12.0) | 19 (22.6) | 135 (19.1) | 177 (16.3) | ||
Major depression (score 17–24) | 7 (6.3) | 23 (3.1) | 18 (2.4) | 11 (13.1) | 46 (6.5) | 54 (5.0) | ||
Depression at follow-up | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
No depression (score <10) | 83 (74.1) | 633 (84.0) | 676 (89.2) | 54 (64.3) | 526 (74.3) | 880 (81.0) | ||
Depression symptoms (score 10–16) | 18 (16.1) | 99 (13.1) | 64 (8.4) | 20 (23.8) | 129 (18.2) | 152 (14.0) | ||
Major depression (score 17–24) | 11 (9.8) | 22 (2.9) | 18 (2.4) | 10 (11.9) | 53 (7.5) | 55 (5.0) | ||