Leisure-time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese workers: a cohort study

Table 4 Association of occupational and commuting physical activity with risk of type 2 diabetes

	Cases/Subjects	Person-years	Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 3^c
Work
Sedentary	1,063/15,930	84,271	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Standing	256/3,768	19,079	1.14 (0.99, 1.30)	1.10 (0.95, 1.07)	1.13 (0.98, 1.31)
Walking	309/4,764	24,970	0.97 (0.85, 1.10)	0.94 (0.82, 1.07)	1.02 (0.89, 1.16)
Active	142/2,166	11,419	1.06 (0.89, 1.26)	1.03 (0.86, 1.24)	1.16 (0.96, 1.39)
		P for trend	0.77	0.71	0.23
Walking to and from work
<20 min	901/14,383	75,443	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
20 to <40 min	600/8,583	45,035	1.05 (0.95, 1.17)	1.06 (0.96, 1.18)	1.06 (0.96, 1.18)
≥40 min	269/3,662	19,261	1.04 (0.91, 1.20)	1.05 (0.92, 1.21)	1.07 (0.93, 1.23)
		P for trend	0.39	0.31	0.22

^aAdjusted for age (years, continuous) and sex
^bAdjusted for age (years, continuous), sex, shift work (yes or no), sleep duration (<5, <6, 6 to <7, or ≥7 h per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, current drinker consuming <1, 1 to <2, or ≥2 go of Japanese sake equivalent per day [1 go of Japanese sake contains approximately 23 g of ethanol]), smoking (never, past, current smoker consuming 1 to 20 or ≥21 cigarettes per day), hypertension (yes or no), a family history of diabetes (yes or no), occupational activity (mostly sedentary, mostly standing, walking often, or fairly active), walking for commuting to and from work (<20, 20 to <40, or ≥40 min of walking), and moderate-intensity exercise for vigorous-intensity exercise and vigorous-intensity exercise for moderate-intensity exercise
^c Adjusted for factors in model 2 plus body mass index (kg/m², continuous)

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