Obesity and cardio-metabolic risk factors in urban adults of Benin: Relationship with socio-economic status, urbanisation, and lifestyle patterns

Table 5 Age and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for CVD risk factors by categories of SES and urbanisation status*

	Overall obesity		Abdominal obesity		Low HDL-cholesterol		Hypertension
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	P
SES
Low (ref.)	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Medium	1.5 (0.5–4.7)	0.449	1.7 (0.7–4.2)	0.242	2.6 (0.9–8.2)	0.100	1.8 (0.7–4.0)	0.220
High	9.7 (3.0–20.9)	<0.001	2.6 (0.9–7.0)	0.066	1.7 (0.5–6.2)	0.439	1.4 (0.4–4.0)	0.586
Length of urban residence
≤20 years (ref.)	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
21–33 years	0.8 (0.3–2.1)	0.607	0.9 (0.4–2.2)	0.801	0.9 (0.3–2.7)	0.841	1.3 (1.1–6.9)	0.041
≥34 years	1.8 (0.7–5.1)	0.245	2.3 (0.9–5.7)	0.100	1.5 (0.5–4.3)	0.461	2.8 (1.1–6.9)	0.031
Birthplace
Rural (ref.)	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Urban	0.8 (0.3–1.8)	0.542	1.4 (0.6–3.1)	0.410	0.9 (0.4–2.4)	0.893	0.8 (0.3–1.8)	0.533

* Logistic regression analysis was not performed for diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia because they were almost non-existent in the study sample.
Overall obesity (dependent variable): Hosmer and Lemshow test: χ² = 5.684; p = 0.683
Abdominal obesity (dependent variable): Hosmer and Lemshow test: χ² = 3.950; p = 0.862
Hypertension (dependent variable): Hosmer and Lemshow test: χ² = 4.316; p = 0.826
Low HDL-cholesterol (dependent variable): Hosmer and Lemshow test: χ² = 6.697; p = 0.570

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