Table 2 Estimated marginal means, percentages, sample sizes, standard deviations, differences, p values and effect sizes for primary and secondary outcomes
1-month follow-up | 6-month follow-up | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Control | Intervention | Control | Intervention | ||||||||||||||
% or Mean | SD | n | % or Mean | SD | n | Diff | p | d | % or Mean | SD | n | % or Mean | SD | n | Diff | p | d | |
Fruit and vegetable intake | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean portions | 5.47 | 4.26 | 453 | 6.02 | 4.18 | 436 | .55 | .053 | 0.13 | 5.72 | 4.98 | 512 | 5.61 | 4.89 | 495 | -.11 | .708 | -0.02 |
Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean METS | 2563.39 | 2162.88 | 471 | 2755.63 | 2169.40 | 452 | 192.24 | .179 | 0.09 | 3316.10 | 5143.79 | 526 | 3350.52 | 5144.16 | 513 | 34.42 | .914 | 0.01 |
Mean hours sitting | 400.55 | 150.49 | 388 | 396.19 | 150.44 | 372 | -4.36 | .890 | 0.03 | 408.12 | 158.25 | 450 | 412.24 | 158.30 | 435 | 4.12 | .699 | -0.03 |
Member of Sport Sheffield | 56.52 | - | 325 | 54.92 | - | 318 | -1.60 | .392 | -0.04 | |||||||||
Not a member of Sport Sheffield | 43.48 | - | 250 | 45.08 | - | 261 | OR 1.11 | |||||||||||
Mean Sport Sheffield attendance | 8.15 | 15.50 | 325 | 9.92 | 15.34 | 318 | 1.77 | .149 | 0.15 | |||||||||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean units in last 7 days | 13.86 | 16.89 | 507 | 12.55 | 17.06 | 491 | .02 | .222 | 0.08 | 13.41 | 19.65 | 547 | 13.01 | 19.75 | 540 | -.40 | .737 | 0.02 |
Mean number of days binge drinking in last 7 days (drinkers only) | 1.33 | .99 | 271 | 1.31 | .92 | 234 | -.02 | .901 | 0.02 | 1.16 | .89 | 319 | 1.16 | .85 | 288 | .00 | .973 | 0.00 |
AUDIT | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean consumption | 6.45 | 2.60 | 400 | 6.32 | 2.52 | 376 | -.13 | .480 | 0.05 | |||||||||
Mean dependency | .93 | 1.39 | 393 | .88 | 1.34 | 366 | -.05 | .597 | 0.04 | |||||||||
Mean problems | 2.26 | 2.60 | 393 | 2.05 | 2.49 | 366 | -.21 | .256 | 0.08 | |||||||||
Mean alcohol objective (FAEE) | 2.55 | 4.59 | 43 | 2.80 | 4.61 | 34 | .25 | .816 | -0.05 | |||||||||
Smoking | ||||||||||||||||||
Has smoked | 42.37 | - | 211 | 40.41 | - | 196 | -1.96 | .849 | 0.04 | 47.74 | - | 264 | 46.30 | - | 250 | -1.44 | .776 | 0.03 |
Has never smoked | 57.63 | - | 287 | 59.59 | - | 289 | 1.96 | OR 1.04 | 52.26 | - | 289 | 53.70 | - | 290 | 1.44 | OR 1.05 | ||
Smoked since attending University | 25.96 | - | 129 | 24.33 | - | 118 | -1.63 | .578 | 0.05 | 35.51 | - | 196 | 35.93 | - | 194 | .42 | .878 | -0.01 |
Not smoked since starting University | 74.04 | - | 368 | 75.67 | - | 367 | 1.63 | OR 1.09 | 64.49 | - | 356 | 64.07 | - | 346 | -.42 | OR 0.98 | ||
Current smoker | 11.45 | - | 57 | 9.07 | - | 44 | -2.38 | .333 | 0.14 | 13.02 | - | 72 | 8.70 | - | 47 | -4.32 | .010 | 0.25 |
Not a current smoker | 88.55 | - | 441 | 90.93 | - | 441 | 2.38 | OR 1.36 | 86.98 | - | 481 | 91.30 | - | 493 | 4.32 | OR 1.92 | ||
Mean cigarettes smoked per week | 2.74 | 5.57 | 496 | 2.35 | 5.71 | 483 | -.39 | .286 | 0.07 | 3.24 | 6.81 | 552 | 2.70 | 6.73 | 538 | -.54 | .181 | 0.08 |
Mean smoking objective (cotinine) | .37 | .33 | 43 | .51 | .35 | 34 | .14 | .081 | -0.41 | |||||||||
Mean smoking objective (nicotine) | 7.24 | 21.44 | 43 | 12.85 | 21.52 | 34 | 5.61 | .266 | -0.26 | |||||||||
Other outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||
EQ-5D-3L | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean health index scores from EQ-5D-3L(VAS) | .91 | .22 | 495 | .91 | .22 | 482 | 0.00 | .957 | 0.00 | .90 | .12 | 542 | .91 | .23 | 530 | .01 | .452 | 0.05 |
Mean health index scores from EQ-5D-3L (TTO) | .92 | .22 | 495 | .92 | .22 | 482 | 0.00 | .728 | 0.00 | .92 | .23 | 542 | .92 | .23 | 530 | .00 | .739 | 0.00 |
Mean EQ-5D-3L visual analogue scale | 77.63 | 12.45 | 494 | 76.66 | 12.45 | 477 | -.97 | .224 | -0.08 | 77.69 | 13.01 | 540 | 77.17 | 13.05 | 524 | .01 | .508 | -0.04 |
Recreational drug use | ||||||||||||||||||
Have taken recreational drugs (SSC measure)1 | 9.52 | ±10.74 | 47 | 22.57 | ±12.11 | 109 | 13.05 | <.001 | -0.57 | 8.27 | ±11.12 | 38 | 24.36 | ±12.7 | 105 | 16.09 | <.001 | -0.70 |
Have not taken recreational drugs (SSC measure) | 90.48 | 450 | 77.43 | 373 | -13.05 | OR 2.04 | 91.73 | 418 | 75.64 | 324 | -16.09 | OR 2.39 | ||||||
Have taken recreational drugs (biochemical measure) | 41.86 | - | 18 | 45.71 | - | 16 | 3.85 | .491 | -0.09 | |||||||||
Have not taken recreational drugs (biochemical measure) | 58.14 | 25 | 54.29 | - | 19 | -3.85 | OR 1.29 | |||||||||||
BMI | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean BMI | 21.97 | 2.96 | 448 | 22.22 | 3.15 | 440 | .25 | .230 | -0.08 | 22.15 | 2.23 | 499 | 22.12 | 2.22 | 494 | -.03 | .870 | 0.01 |
Mean objective BMI | 22.01 | 2.90 | 100 | 22.27 | 2.86 | 91 | .01 | .550 | -0.09 | |||||||||
Health service usage 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean times visited GP in last 6 months | 1.33 | 1.49 | 455 | 1.18 | 1.66 | 429 | .01 | .169 | 0.10 | |||||||||
Alcohol intervention offered by GP | .39 | - | 1 | .82 | - | 2 | .43 | .648 | -0.41 | |||||||||
Alcohol intervention not offered by GP | 99.61 | - | 253 | 99.18 | - | 241 | -.43 | OR 1.68 | ||||||||||
Attended alcohol intervention | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | .00 | - | ||||||||||
Did not attend alcohol intervention | 100 | - | 1 | 100 | - | 2 | .00 | |||||||||||
Mean times visited A&E | .10 | .43 | 452 | .10 | .41 | 426 | .00 | .882 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Mean times admitted to A&E | .19 | .52 | 42 | .25 | .51 | 40 | .06 | .622 | -0.12 | |||||||||
Mean times required an ambulance | .03 | .21 | 429 | .03 | .20 | 404 | .02 | .802 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Mean times admitted to hospital | .04 | .21 | 450 | .06 | .21 | 425 | .02 | .253 | -0.10 | |||||||||
Mean elective admissions to hospital | .34 | .69 | 13 | .68 | .67 | 20 | .34 | .181 | -0.50 | |||||||||
Mean non-elective admissions to hospital | 1.02 | .66 | 12 | .44 | .63 | 20 | -.58 | .020 | 0.90 | |||||||||
Mean other times visited hospital (not incl. above) | .25 | .85 | 447 | .22 | .82 | 424 | -.03 | .642 | 0.04 | |||||||||
Academic achievement | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean grade of academic year | 62.49 | 8.99 | 481 | 62.35 | 9.13 | 473 | -.14 | .814 | -0.02 | |||||||||
Progressed from level one | 96.54 | 446 | 95.45 | 435 | -.09 | .810 | -0.01 | |||||||||||
Did not progress | 3.46 | - | 16 | 3.55 | 16 | .09 | OR 1.01 | |||||||||||
Social cognition variables | ||||||||||||||||||
Fruit and vegetables | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean descriptive norm | 2.67 | 1.10 | 488 | 2.63 | 1.09 | 478 | -.04 | .684 | -0.04 | 5.61 | 1.62 | 534 | 5.37 | 1.84 | 527 | .24 | .027 | -0.14 |
Mean injunctive norm | 6.05 | 1.10 | 488 | 5.93 | 1.08 | 478 | -.12 | .116 | -0.11 | 3.18 | 1.62 | 534 | 3.43 | 1.61 | 527 | .25 | .017 | 0.15 |
Mean perceived control | 5.63 | 1.33 | 488 | 5.65 | 1.31 | 478 | .02 | .785 | 0.02 | 5.66 | 1.39 | 534 | 5.85 | 1.38 | 527 | .19 | .018 | 0.14 |
Mean self-efficacy | 5.50 | 1.55 | 488 | 5.49 | 1.53 | 478 | -.01 | .944 | -0.01 | 5.58 | 1.39 | 534 | 5.72 | 1.38 | 527 | .14 | .106 | 0.10 |
Mean intention | 5.39 | 1.10 | 488 | 5.31 | 1.09 | 478 | -.08 | .270 | -0.07 | 5.52 | 1.16 | 534 | 5.47 | 1.15 | 527 | -.05 | .442 | -0.04 |
Mean plan | 4.85 | 1.55 | 488 | 4.78 | 1.53 | 478 | -.07 | .474 | -0.05 | 5.09 | 1.39 | 534 | 5.13 | 1.38 | 527 | .04 | .628 | 0.03 |
Mean attitude | 6.22 | .88 | 488 | 6.20 | .87 | 478 | -.22 | .652 | -0.02 | 6.65 | .69 | 534 | 6.59 | .69 | 527 | -.06 | .208 | -0.09 |
Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean descriptive norm | 3.75 | 1.33 | 493 | 3.78 | 1.31 | 480 | .03 | .637 | 0.02 | 5.71 | 1.39 | 539 | 5.65 | 1.38 | 527 | -.06 | .530 | -0.04 |
Mean injunctive norm | 6.04 | 1.11 | 493 | 5.99 | 1.31 | 480 | -.05 | .550 | -0.04 | 4.10 | 1.63 | 539 | 4.20 | 1.61 | 527 | .10 | .288 | 0.06 |
Mean perceived control | 5.80 | 1.11 | 493 | 5.93 | 1.10 | 480 | .13 | .078 | 0.12 | 5.83 | 1.16 | 539 | 5.96 | 1.15 | 527 | .13 | .069 | 0.11 |
Mean self-efficacy | 5.62 | 1.33 | 493 | 5.82 | 1.31 | 480 | .20 | .020 | 0.15 | 5.78 | 1.39 | 539 | 5.83 | 1.38 | 527 | .05 | .523 | 0.04 |
Mean intention | 5.63 | 1.11 | 493 | 5.64 | 1.10 | 480 | .01 | .921 | 0.01 | 5.67 | 1.16 | 539 | 5.74 | 1.15 | 527 | .07 | .306 | 0.06 |
Mean plan | 4.94 | 1.55 | 493 | 5.04 | 1.53 | 480 | .08 | .338 | 0.06 | 5.14 | 1.63 | 539 | 5.13 | 1.61 | 527 | -.01 | .944 | -0.01 |
Mean attitude | 6.10 | .89 | 493 | 6.18 | .88 | 480 | .08 | .119 | 0.09 | 6.63 | .70 | 539 | 6.62 | .69 | 527 | .01 | .948 | -0.01 |
Binge drinking | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean descriptive norm | 5.70 | 1.11 | 491 | 5.59 | 1.31 | 479 | -.11 | .177 | 0.09 | 2.79 | 1.85 | 537 | 3.00 | 1.83 | 525 | .21 | .059 | -0.06 |
Mean injunctive norm | 2.48 | 1.33 | 491 | 2.47 | 1.31 | 479 | -.01 | .974 | 0.01 | 5.10 | 1.62 | 537 | 4.93 | 1.83 | 525 | -.17 | .110 | 0.10 |
Mean perceived control | 6.24 | 1.11 | 491 | 6.13 | 1.09 | 479 | -.11 | .171 | -0.01 | 6.27 | 1.16 | 537 | 6.14 | 1.15 | 525 | -.13 | .097 | -0.10 |
Mean self-efficacy | 5.70 | 1.55 | 491 | 5.66 | 1.53 | 479 | -.04 | .704 | -0.03 | 5.81 | 1.39 | 537 | 5.69 | 1.38 | 525 | -.12 | .194 | -0.09 |
Mean intention | 3.18 | 1.11 | 491 | 3.16 | 1.31 | 479 | -.02 | .824 | 0.02 | 3.13 | 1.39 | 537 | 3.07 | 1.37 | 525 | -.06 | .457 | 0.04 |
Mean plan | 4.66 | 1.99 | 491 | 4.45 | 1.97 | 479 | -.21 | .115 | -0.11 | 4.89 | 2.09 | 537 | 4.50 | 2.06 | 525 | .39 | .003 | -0.19 |
Mean attitude | 2.50 | .89 | 491 | 2.52 | .88 | 479 | .02 | .819 | -0.02 | 1.83 | .93 | 537 | 1.91 | 1.15 | 525 | .09 | .207 | -0.08 |
Smoking | ||||||||||||||||||
Mean descriptive norm | 4.19 | 1.33 | 488 | 4.05 | 1.31 | 479 | .14 | .113 | 0.11 | 1.73 | 1.39 | 537 | 1.87 | 1.37 | 525 | .14 | .105 | -0.10 |
Mean injunctive norm | 1.34 | .88 | 488 | 1.35 | .88 | 479 | .01 | .751 | -0.01 | 3.63 | 1.62 | 537 | 3.57 | 1.60 | 525 | -.06 | .593 | 0.04 |
Mean perceived control | 6.61 | 1.10 | 488 | 6.58 | 1.09 | 479 | .03 | .666 | -0.03 | 6.55 | 1.16 | 537 | 6.51 | 1.15 | 525 | -.04 | .518 | -0.03 |
Mean self-efficacy | 5.36 | 1.77 | 488 | 5.28 | 1.75 | 479 | -.08 | .490 | -0.05 | 5.12 | 1.62 | 537 | 5.37 | 1.83 | 525 | .25 | .172 | 0.14 |
Mean intention | 1.53 | .88 | 488 | 1.51 | .88 | 479 | -.02 | .671 | 0.02 | 1.61 | .93 | 537 | 1.53 | .92 | 525 | -.08 | .164 | 0.09 |
Mean plan | 5.58 | 2.21 | 488 | 5.30 | 2.19 | 479 | -.28 | .050 | -0.13 | 5.57 | 2.32 | 537 | 5.19 | 2.29 | 525 | -.38 | .003 | -0.16 |
Mean attitude | 1.45 | .66 | 488 | 1.47 | .66 | 479 | .02 | .573 | -0.03 | 1.32 | .70 | 537 | 1.35 | .69 | 525 | .03 | .491 | -0.04 |