From: Loneliness and health risk behaviours among Russian and U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study
 |  | Girls | Boys | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
Health risk behaviours (outcome) | I felt lonely¤ | OR (95% CI) | adj. OR (95% CI)†| adj. OR (95% CI)ǂ | OR (95% CI) | adj. OR (95% CI)†| adj. OR (95% CI)ǂ |
Substance use | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Smoking (past 30 days) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 2.56 (1.49–4.38)b | 2.56 (1.47–4.44)b | 1.86 (0.88–3.94) | 1.11 (0.34–3.61) | 0.96 (0.29–3.22) | 0.72 (0.17–2.97) |
Lifetime marijuana use | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 2.11 (1.48–3.02)c | 2.08 (1.41–3.06)c | 1.79 (1.26–2.55)b | 1.96 (0.97–3.96) | 1.68 (0.83–3.42) | 1.17 (0.48–2.87) |
Lifetime other illicit drug use§ | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 3.00 (1.66–5.41)c | 3.03 (1.69–5.42)c | 1.72 (0.97–3.07) | 4.44 (2.27–8.69)c | 4.30 (2.37–7.82)c | 3.09 (1.41–6.77)b |
Alcohol consumption¶ (past 30 days) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 2.71 (1.83–4.01)c | 2.68 (1.75–4.09)c | 1.80 (1.18–2.75)b | 2.08 (1.20–3.59)b | 1.83 (1.03–3.25)a | 0.87 (0.40–1.87) |
Binge drinking# (past 30 days) | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 3.60 (2.21–5.85)c | 3.57 (2.14–5.96)c | 2.40 (1.56–3.70)c | 2.60 (1.16–5.83)a | 2.22 (1.01–4.87)a | 1.05 (0.36–3.07) |
Sexual behaviour | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Lifetime sex | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.79 (1.14–2.82)a | 1.77 (1.11–2.84)a | 1.29 (0.76–2.19) | 1.41 (0.89–2.24) | 1.25 (0.75–2.11) | 1.13 (0.61–2.10) |
Last sex alcohol or drug use$ | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 6.24 (1.62–23.99)b | 6.22 (1.54–25.08)a | 4.21 (0.80–22.22) | 2.44 (0.53–11.22) | 1.97 (0.42–9.20) | 2.49 (0.31–20.21) |
Last sex non-condom use$,* | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 2.87 (0.90–9.21) | 2.67 (0.83–8.56) | 2.74 (0.80–9.41) | 0.92 (0.36–2.38) | 1.00 (0.38–2.59) | 0.77 (0.24–2.48) |
Got someone pregnant/been pregnant* | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 2.96 (0.66–13.37) | 3.02 (0.69–13.25) | 1.57 (0.31–8.05) | 1.87 (0.72–4.82) | 1.74 (0.70–4.37) | 0.66 (0.18–2.38) |
Violence (past year) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Started a fistfight or shoving match | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.26 (0.90–1.76) | 1.23 (0.89–1.71) | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) | 1.36 (0.84–2.19) | 1.30 (0.81–2.08) | 0.89 (0.50–1.57) |
Hurt someone badly in a physical fight | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.76 (1.26–2.45)b | 1.77 (1.27–2.49)b | 1.24 (0.76–2.01) | 1.92 (0.85–4.35) | 1.69 (0.72–3.98) | 1.25 (0.48–3.25) |
Carried a blade, knife, or gun in school | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 | Yes | 1.65 (0.93–2.91) | 1.59 (0.89–2.85) | 0.99 (0.50–1.95) | 1.85 (0.98–3.51) | 1.68 (0.78–3.63) | 0.81 (0.31–2.07) |