Table 2 Characteristics of individuals with and without the onset of drug use other than cannabis and the univariate associations with the onset of drug use other than cannabis
Variable categories and variables | No onset of drug use | Onset of drug use | OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 4,032 | n = 222 | |||
Demographics | ||||
Age in yearsa, M (SD) | 19.4 (1.2) | 19.4 (1.3) | 0.97 (0.87-1.09) | .64 |
Lower educational level (Ref.)b | 2,911 (73.5%) | 158 (72.1%) | ||
Higher educational level | 1,048 (26.5%) | 61 (27.9%) | 1.07 (0.79-1.45) | .65 |
Living alone (Ref.)c | 112 (2.8%) | 10 (4.5%) | ||
Living with parent or parents | 3,660 (91.4%) | 193 (87.3%) | 0.59 (0.30-1.15) | .12 |
Living with partner | 92 (2.3%) | 9 (4.1%) | 1.10 (0.43-2.81) | .85 |
Living with friends or in institution | 140 (3.5%) | 9 (4.1%) | 0.72 (0.28-1.83) | .49 |
Means of subsistence: own person (Ref.)d | 879 (22.0%) | 42 (19.0%) | ||
Own person and others persons or institutions | 1,664 (41.6%) | 101 (45.7%) | 1.27 (0.88-1.84) | .20 |
Other persons or institutions | 1,457 (36.4%) | 78 (35.3%) | 1.12 (0.76-1.65) | .56 |
Not living in a partnership (Ref.)e | 3,827 (95.7%) | 210 (95.0%) | ||
Living in a partnership | 173 (4.3%) | 11 (5.0%) | 1.16 (0.62-2.17) | .64 |
Having no siblings (Ref.)f | 253 (6.5%) | 17 (7.9%) | ||
One or two siblings | 2,965 (76.0%) | 163 (75.8%) | 0.82 (0.49-1.37) | .45 |
Three or more siblings | 685 (17.6%) | 35 (16.3%) | 0.76 (0.42-1.38) | .37 |
Religion and religiosity | ||||
Christian religion (Ref.)g | 2,967 (74.5%) | 162 (75.0%) | ||
Muslim religion | 173 (4.3%) | 3 (1.4%) | 0.32 (0.10-1.01) | .05 |
Other religion | 91 (2.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.20 (0.03-1.45) | .11 |
No religion | 751 (18.9%) | 50 (23.1%) | 1.22 (0.88-1.69) | .24 |
Atheist (Ref.)h | 1,050 (26.4%) | 72 (33.3%) | ||
Agnostic | 676 (17.0%) | 37 (17.1%) | 0.80 (0.53-1.20) | .28 |
Unsure what to think about god | 506 (12.7%) | 24 (11.1%) | 0.69 (0.43-1.11) | .13 |
Belief in god but not practicing | 1,228 (30.8%) | 73 (33.8%) | 0.87 (0.62-1.21) | .41 |
Belief in god and practicing | 523 (13.1%) | 10 (4.6%) | 0.28 (0.14-0.55) | <.01 |
Health | ||||
Physical health (SF-12, scale 0-100)i, M (SD) | 55.0 (5.1) | 55.0 (5.1) | 0.98 (0.96-1.01) | .20 |
Mental health (SF-12, scale 0-100)j, M (SD) | 50.1 (8.3) | 48.4 (8.6) | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | <.01 |
Depression (MDI, scale 0-50)k, M (SD) | 6.5 (6.7) | 8.2 (7.0) | 1.03 (1.02-1.05) | <.01 |
Low physical activity (IPAQ) (Ref.)l | 377 (10.1%) | 22 (11.1%) | ||
Moderate physical activity | 956 (25.6%) | 54 (27.1%) | 0.97 (0.58-1.61) | .90 |
High physical activity | 2,402 (64.3%) | 123 (61.8%) | 0.88 (0.55-1.40) | .58 |
No attention deficit syndrome (ASRS) (Ref.)m | 3,897 (96.9%) | 207 (93.2%) | ||
Attention deficit syndrome | 126 (3.1%) | 15 (6.8%) | 2.24 (1.29-3.90) | <.01 |
No anti-social personality disorder (Ref.)n | 3,530 (88.2%) | 160 (74.1%) | ||
Anti-social personality disorder | 471 (11.8%) | 56 (25.9%) | 2.62 (1.91-3.61) | <.01 |
Social context | ||||
Grew up with both parents (Ref.)o | 3,228 (80.6%) | 169 (77.9%) | ||
…with parent and step-parent | 204 (5.1%) | 14 (6.5%) | 1.31 (0.75-2.30) | .35 |
…with one parent | 533 (13.3%) | 30 (13.8%) | 1.08 (0.72-1.60) | .72 |
…with adoptive or foster parents or in institution | 39 (1.0%) | 4 (1.8%) | 1.96 (0.69-5.55) | .21 |
No parental divorce before the age of 18 (Ref.)p | 3,101 (77.6%) | 159 (73.6%) | ||
Parental divorce before the age of 18 | 895 (22.4%) | 57 (26.4%) | 1.24 (0.91-1.70) | .17 |
Lower educational level of the father (Ref.)q | 2,095 (52.6%) | 106 (48.8%) | ||
Higher educational level of the father | 1,887 (47.4%) | 111 (51.2%) | 1.16 (0.89-1.53) | .28 |
Lower educational level of the mother (Ref.)r | 2,365 (59.5%) | 116 (53.7%) | ||
Higher educational level of the mother | 1,610 (40.5%) | 100 (46.3%) | 1.27 (0.96-1.67) | .09 |
Financial situation of the family (Scale 1-7)s, M (SD) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.5 (1.0) | 0.95 (0.83-1.09) | .44 |
Good relationship with parents before the age of 18 (Ref.)t | 3,264 (81.2%) | 165 (74.3%) | ||
Bad relationship to parents before age of 18 | 758 (18.8%) | 57 (25.7%) | 1.49 (1.09-2.03) | .01 |
Lower parental rule setting at the age of 15 (Ref.)u | 1,572 (39.1%) | 103 (46.4%) | ||
Higher parental rule setting at the age of 15 | 2,448 (60.9%) | 119 (53.6%) | 0.74 (0.57-0.97) | .03 |
Lower parental knowledge of peers and the | ||||
whereabouts at the age of 15 (Ref.)v | 899 (22.4%) | 78 (35.1%) | ||
Higher parental knowledge of peers and the | ||||
whereabouts at the age of 15 | 3,120 (77.6%) | 144 (64.9%) | 0.53 (0.40-0.71) | <.01 |
No psychiatric problem of father at age of 15 (Ref.)w | 3,747 (93.5%) | 199 (90.5%) | ||
Psychiatric problem of father at age of 15 | 261 (6.5%) | 21 (9.5%) | 1.52 (0.95-2.42) | .08 |
No psychiatric problem of mother at age of 15(Ref.)x | 3,857 (96.2%) | 207 (94.1%) | ||
Psychiatric problem of mother at age of 15 | 152 (3.8%) | 13 (5.9%) | 1.59 (0.89-2.86) | .12 |
No psychiatric problem of peer/s at age of 15 (Ref.)y | 2,483 (62.2%) | 96 (44.9%) | ||
Psychiatric problem of peer/s at age of 15 | 1,511 (37.8%) | 118 (55.1%) | 2.02 (1.53-2.66) | <.01 |
Peer pressure (PPI total score, range -3 - +3)z, | ||||
M (SD) | 0.28 (0.39) | 0.39 (0.44) | 2.03 (1.44-2.87) | <.01 |
Substance use | ||||
Never used alcohol (Ref.)aa | 438 (11.4%) | 12 (5.5%) | ||
Have used alcohol | 3,416 (88.6%) | 207 (94.5%) | 2.21 (1.23-3.99) | .01 |
No alcohol use in the previous 12 months (Ref.)ab | 173 (4.5%) | 4 (1.8%) | ||
Alcohol use - not at risk (AUDIT-C) | 1,095 (28.6%) | 29 (13.2%) | 1.15 (0.40-3.30) | .80 |
Alcohol use - at risk (AUDIT-C) | 2,563 (66.9%) | 186 (84.9%) | 3.14 (1.15-8.55) | .03 |
Never used any tobacco product (Ref.) | 1,944 (48.2%) | 69 (31.1%) | ||
Have used a tobacco product | 2,089 (51.8%) | 153 (68.9%) | 2.06 (1.54-2.76) | <.01 |
No cigarette use in the previous 12 months (Ref.)ac | 2,495 (63.9%) | 91 (42.7%) | ||
Very low nicotine dependence (FTND) | 1,048 (26.8%) | 83 (39.0%) | 2.17 (1.60-2.95) | <.01 |
Low, moderate or high nicotine dependence (FTND) | 362 (9.3%) | 39 (18.3%) | 2.95 (2.00-4.37) | <.01 |
Never used cannabis (Ref.)ad | 2,513 (62.4%) | 76 (34.4%) | ||
Have used cannabis | 1,515 (37.6%) | 145 (65.6%) | 3.17 (2.38-4.21) | <.01 |
No cannabis use in previous 12 months (Ref.)ae | 3,204 (79.5%) | 106 (47.7%) | ||
No problem use (CUDIT) | 688 (17.1%) | 86 (38.7%) | 3.78 (2.81-5.08) | <.01 |
Problem use (CUDIT) | 140 (3.5%) | 30 (13.5%) | 6.48 (4.18-10.05) | <.01 |
Personality | ||||
Sensation seeking (BSSS total score, range 1-5)af, | ||||
M (SD) | 2.9 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.9) | 1.88 (1.59-2.24) | <.01 |
Aggression (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0-10)ag, M (SD) | 4.0 (2.2) | 4.5 (2.2) | 1.10 (1.04-1.17) | <.01 |
Sociability (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0-10)ah, M (SD) | 5.8 (2.2) | 6.0 (2.1) | 1.04 (0.98-1.11) | .23 |
Anxiety (ZKPQ, subscale, range 0-10)ai, M (SD) | 1.9 (1.9) | 2.2 (2.0) | 1.09 (1.02-1.16) | .01 |
Military training school | ||||
Not started yet (Ref.)aj | 611 (24.0%) | 36 (27.7%) | ||
Started | 360 (14.1%) | 12 (9.2%) | 0.57 (0.29-1.10) | .09 |
Finished | 1,405 (55.1%) | 73 (56.2%) | 0.88 (0.59-1.33) | .55 |
Discontinued | 175 (6.9%) | 9 (6.9%) | 0.87 (0.41-1.85) | .72 |