Table 4 Association between socio-demographic factors and smoking among Malaysian males aged 18 years and above
From: Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors
| Â | Adjusted odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
Residential Area | Â | Â |
 Urban | 1 |  |
 Rural | 1.12 | 1.03–1.22 |
Education level | Â | Â |
 None | 2.09 | 1.67–2.60 |
 Primary | 1.95 | 1.65–2.30 |
 Secondary | 1.88 | 1.63–2.11 |
 Tertiary | 1 |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â |
 Malay | 2.29 | 1.98–2.66 |
 Chinese | 1.23 | 1.05–1.45 |
 Indian | 1 |  |
 Other indigenous | 1.75 | 1.46–2.10 |
 Other | 1.48 | 1.15–1.91 |
Monthly household income | Â | Â |
 Less than RM 2000 | 1.27 | 1.13–1.43 |
 RM 2000-RM 2999 | 1.14 | 0.99–1.30 |
 RM > =3000 | 1 |  |
Marital status | Â | Â |
 Married | 1 |  |
 Single | 1.05 | 0.93–1.18 |
 Divorce | 1.67 | 1.22–2.28 |
 Widow/widower | 0.87 | 0.63–1.20 |
Age group (years) | Â | Â |
 18–20 | 2.36 | 1.90–2.94 |
 21–30 | 3.31 | 2.82–3.89 |
 31–40 | 2.85 | 2.47–3.28 |
 41–50 | 1.93 | 1.69–2.22 |
 51–60 | 1.32 | 1.15–1.51 |
 61 and above | 1 |  |
Occupation | Â | Â |
 Senior officer | 1 |  |
 Professional | 1.28 | 1.01–1.63 |
 Technical | 1.22 | 1.03–1.45 |
 Clerical | 1.22 | 0.98–1.51 |
 Service | 1.74 | 1.47–2.06 |
 Skilled agriculture and fisheries | 2.00 | 1.66–2.42 |
 Craftsman | 1.87 | 1.51–2.30 |
 Plant and machine operator | 1.85 | 1.53–2.22 |
 Elementary | 2.38 | 1.95–2.92 |
 Unemployed | 1.40 | 1.15–1.71 |