Adjusted for | Grip strength | Balance | Chair stands | Walking speed |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 3155) | (n = 3212) | (n = 3212) | (n = 3212) | |
Age and gender | ||||
High school | 1.5 (−1.6-4.7) | 6.7 (−0.4-14.4) | 9.7 (−2.2-23.0) | 7.3 (3.4-11.4) *** |
University | 4.1 (0.6-7.7)* | 22.8 (14.1-32.3)*** | 26.3 (12.3-42.1) *** | 17.8 (13.1-22.7) *** |
+ Chronic diseases | ||||
High school | 1.2 (−1.9-4.4) | 6.4 (−0.6-13.8) | 10.5 (−1.1-23.4) | 7.1 (3.3-11.0) *** |
University | 3.6 (0.1-7.1)* | 21.2 (12.7-30.2) *** | 25.6 (12.2-40.5) *** | 16.8 (12.4-21.4) *** |
+ Physical exercise | ||||
High school | 1.1 (−2.0-4.3) | 3.5 (−3.1-10.6) | 4.7 (−5.7-16.3) | 5.0 (1.6-8.6) ** |
University | 3.3 (−0.2-6.9) | 16.0 (8.0-24.6) *** | 15.6 (3.8-28.9) ** | 13.1 (9.0-17.2) *** |
+ Body mass index | ||||
High school | 1.2 (−1.9-4.4) | 5.1 (−1.8-12.5) | 6.9 (−4.3-19.5) | 5.8 (2.2-9.6) ** |
University | 3.6 (0.2-7.2)* | 18.8 (10.4-27.9) *** | 20.7 (7.6-35.4) ** | 15.0 (10.6-19.6) *** |
+ Smoking | ||||
High school | 1.5 (−1.6-4.8) | 6.9 (−0.3-14.6) | 10.1 (−1.9-23.4) | 7.4 (3.5-11.5) *** |
University | 4.1 (0.6-7.7)* | 22.8 (14.1-32.3) *** | 26.4 (12.4-42.2) *** | 17.8 (13.2-22.7) *** |
+ Alcohol | ||||
High school | 1.1 (−2.1-4.3) | 3.8 (−3.2-11.4) | 4.4 (−6.8-16.9) | 4.9 (1.1-8.8) * |
University | 3.4 (−0.2-7.1) | 18.2 (9.7-27.5) *** | 17.5 (4.6-32.1) ** | 14.0 (9.5-18.6) *** |
+ Chronic diseases and all lifestyle-related factors | ||||
High school | 0.5 (−2.6-3.6) | 1.5 (−5.0-8.4) | 1.9 (−8.0-12.7) | 3.1 (−0.1-6.4) |
University | 2.2 (−1.2-5.8) | 11.5 (3.8-19.8) ** | 9.8 (−1.2-22.0) | 9.5 (5.7-13.4) *** |