Table 4 Factors associated with respiratory infection (RI)

Sex: - Male

168 (53)

4,375 (50)

1

  - Female

149 (47)

4,422 (50)

0.25

0.9

0.7 - 1.1

Ethnic group: - Lao Loom

143 (45)

5,203 (59)

1

      - Hmong

13 (4)

1,155 (13)

<0.001

2.4

1.9 - 3.0

      - Other ethnic groups

161 (51)

2,439 (28)

0.002

0.4

0.2 - 0.7

Age group (years): < 5

77 (24)

861 (10)

<0.001

3.2

2.4 - 4.3

        5–14

72 (23)

1,858 (21)

0.01

1.4

1.0 - 1.8

        ≥15

168 (53)

6,078 (69)

1

Location: - Vientiane Capital

100 (31)

3,511 (40)

1

     - Vientiane Province

56 (18)

2,865 (33)

0.03

0.6

0.4 - 0.9

     - Sayabouli

70 (22)

1,657 (19)

0.01

1.4

1.1 - 2.0

     - Sekong

91 (29)

764 (7)

<0.001

4.2

3.1 - 5.6

Wealth index: - Low

209 (66)

4,821 (55)

0.08

1.3

0.9 - 1.8

      - Moderate

61 (19)

2,526 (29)

0.13

0.7

0.5 - 1.1

      - High

47 (15)

1,450 (16)

1

Household head education level:

- Primary school

136 (43)

2,567 (29)

<0.001

2.2

1.5 - 3.3

- Secondary school

146 (46)

4,718 (54)

0.12

1.3

0.9 - 1.9

- College/university

35 (11)

1,512 (17)

1

Smoky environment inside house:

- No stove inside

77 (24)

3,458 (39)

0.01

0.6

0.4 - 0.9

- No smoke

44 (14)

1,249 (14)

1

- Some smoke

92 (29)

2,736 (31)

0.80

0.9

0.6 - 1.3

- Very smoky

104 (33)

1,354 (15)

<0.001

2.1

1.5 - 3.1

Animal slaughtering in the past 30 days in household:

- No

238 (75)

6,547 (74)

1

- Yes (without protection)

8 (3)

169 (2)

0.47

1.3

0.6 - 2.6

- Yes (with protection)

71 (22)

2,081 (23)

0.64

0.9

0.7 - 1.2

Butchering and cooking animal in the past 30 days in household:

- No

111 (35)

2,278 (26)

1

- Yes (without protection)

4 (1)

114 (1)

0.52

0.7

0.2 - 1.9

- Yes (with protection)

202 (64)

6,405 (73)

<0.001

0.6

0.5 - 0.8

Animal died in the past 30 days in household:

- No animal in household

49 (15)

1,722 (20)

1

- No animal died

232 (73)

6,554 (74)

0.17

1.2

0.9 - 1.7

- Animal died

36 (11)

521 (6)

<0.001

2.4

1.5 - 3.7