From: Causal assessment of smoking and tooth loss: A systematic review of observational studies
 |  |  | Association | Prevalence of tooth loss (%) |  | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of exposure | First author, year | Sex | Effect size (95% CI) | Type | Current smoker | Non-smoker | Difference | Strength of association |
Current smokers | Randolph, 2001 | M F | 1.69 (1.31, 2.20) | OR | 50 57 | 41 46 | 9 11 | Moderate Moderate |
 | Klein, 2004 | M, F | 4.04 (2.52, 6.49) | OR | 92.3 | 79.5 | 12.8 | Moderate |
 | Musacchio, 2007 | M, F | 4.01 (2.59, 6.20) | OR | 48.1** | 42.3** | 5.8** | Weak |
 | Ojima, 2007 | M F | 2.21 (1.40, 3.50) 1.70 (1.13, 2.55) | OR | 39.3 43.2 | 21.8 29.4 | 17.5 13.8 | Moderate Moderate |
 | Hanioka, 2007 | M F | 2.24 (1.28, 3.94) 2.74 (1.46, 5.16) | OR | 36.9 38.9 | 28.5 38.6 | 8.4 0.3 | Moderate Weak |
 | Mundt, 2007 | M, F | 2.3 (1.6, 3.4)* | OR | 21.1** | 8.4** | 12.7** | Moderate |
 | Krall, 2006 | M | 2.1 (1.5, 3.1) | HR |  |  |  | Weak |
 | Dietrich, 2007 | M | 2.3 (2.1, 2.5)* | HR |  |  |  | Moderate |
Former smokers | Randolph, 2001 | M F | 1.26 (1.04, 1.54) | OR | 45 55 | 41 46 | 4 9 | Weak*** Moderate |
 | Klein, 2004 | M, F | 1.57 (1.25, 1.98) | OR | 85.8 | 79.5 | 6.3 | Weak*** |
 | Musacchio, 2007 | M, F | 3.42 (2.42, 4.82) | OR | 45.5** | 42.3** | 3.2** | Weak |
 | Ojima, 2007 | M F | 1.25 (0.55, 2.86) 0.52 (0.23, 1.18) | OR | 26.3 20.0 | 21.8 29.4 | 4.5 -9.4 | NS*** |
 | Hanioka, 2007 | M F | 1.55 (0.88, 2.74) 1.17 (0.44, 3.09) | OR | 38.6 34.3 | 28.5 38.6 | 10.1 -4.3 | NS*** |
 | Mundt, 2007 | M, F | 1.7 (1.0, 3.1)* | OR | 12.1** | 8.4** | 3.7** | NS*** |
 | Krall, 2006 | M | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | HR |  |  |  | NS*** |
 | Dietrich, 2007 | M | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3)* | HR |  |  |  | Weak*** |