From: Multi-level manifestations of sexual stigma among men with same-gender sexual experience in Ghana
Sexual Stigma Manifestations | Socioecological Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community | Institutions | Peers | Family | Self | |
Social, cultural, and religious blaming and shaming | X | X | X | X | X |
Verbal abuse and intrusive questioning | X | X | X | X | X |
Gossiping and outing | X | X | X | X | Â |
Physical abuse | X | Â | X | X | Â |
Internal conflict and guilt about sexual behavior | X | Â | X | Â | X |
Non-verbal judgmental gestures | X | X | Â | Â | Â |
Living in constant fear and stigma avoidance | X | X | Â | Â | Â |
Poor-quality services | Â | X | Â | Â | Â |