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Table 1 Measures on health indicators and their negative dimension

From: Associations between adolescents’ energy drink consumption frequency and several negative health indicators

Question

Indicator range

Negative value of the indicator

Health-related behaviors

Brushing teeth: How often do you brush your teeth?

1 = More than once a day

2 = Once a day

3 = At least once a week but not daily

4 = Less than once a week

5 = Never

Inadequate tooth brushing:

 < 2 times/day (i.e., all values except 1 = More than once a day)

Eating breakfast: How often do you usually have breakfast (more than a glass of milk or fruit juice) on weekdays?

1 = I never have breakfast during the week

2 = One day

3 = Two days

4 = Three days

5 = Four days

6 = Five days

Skipping breakfast:

Eating breakfast 0–2 days/weekdays

Physical activity: Over the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day?

0 to 7 days

Low physical activity: 0–2 days

Sleep length: Difference between bedtime and wake-up time on weekdays

Hours

Short sleep: ≤ 7 h / day

Social media use: During the past year, have you… 9 items on the following criteria: preoccupation, tolerance, withdrawal, persistence, displacement, problem, deception, escape, conflict; for example:

… regularly found that you can’t think of anything else but the moment that you will be able to use social media again?

1 = No 2 = Yes

(Items were coded as

1 = Yes and

0 = No, and a sum

score was computed)

Problematic social media use: Sum score of ≥ 6

Smoking: How often do you smoke tobacco at present?

1 = Every day

2 = At least once a week, but not every day

3 = Less than once a week

4 = I do not smoke

Current smoking: From every day to less than once a week (i.e., all values except 4 = I don’t smoke)

Snus use: Do you currently use snuff/snus?

(Question was only asked of 15-year-olds)

1 = Every day

2 = Every week, but not daily

3 = Less than once a week

4 = I don’t use snuff/snus

Current snus use: From every day to less than once a week (i.e., all values except 4 = I don’t use snuff/snus)

Alcohol consumption: On how many days (if any) have you drunk alcohol?

… In the last 30 days?

1 = Never

2 = 1–2 days

3 = 3–5 days

4 = 6–9 days

5 = 10–19 days

6 = 20–29 days

7 = 30 days (or more)

Alcohol consumption:

All values except 1 = Never

Drunkenness: Have you ever had so much alcohol that you were really drunk?

(Question was only asked of 15-year-olds)

… In your lifetime?

1 = No, never

2 = Yes, once

3 = Yes, 2–3 times

4 = Yes, 4–10 times

5 = Yes, more than 10 times

Drunkenness: Twice or more

Cannabis use: Have you ever taken cannabis (for example marihuana)?

… In your lifetime?

(Question was only asked of 15-year-olds)

1 = Never

2 = 1–2 days

3 = 3–5 days

4 = 6–9 days

5 = 10–19 days

6 = 20–29 days

7 = 30 days (or more)

Cannabis use:

All values except 1 = Never

Perceived health indicators

Self-rated health: Would you say your health is…?

1 = Excellent

2 = Good

3 = Fair

4 = Poor

Low self-rated health: Fair or poor

Health complaints: In the last 6 months: how often have you had the following…? headache, stomach-ache, backache, feeling low, irritability or bad temper, feeling nervous, difficulties in getting to sleep, feeling dizzy

1 = About every day

2 = More than once a week

3 = About every week

4 = About every month

5 = Rarely or never

(Items were coded as

1 = More than once a week or about every day and

0 = About every week or less, and a sum score was computed)

Multiple health complaints: Sum score of ≥ 2 (i.e., two or more symptoms more than once a week)

Sleep sufficiency: How often do you feel that you have slept sufficiently?

1 = Every or almost every morning

2 = 3–5 mornings a week

3 = 1–2 mornings a week

4 = Hardly ever

Feelings of insufficient sleep: Slept sufficiently hardly ever