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Table 3 Risk of bias assessment for longitudinal studies

From: The role of school connectedness in the prevention of youth depression and anxiety: a systematic review with youth consultation

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Overall

Author (Year)

Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated?

Was the study population clearly specified and defined?

Was the participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%?

Were all the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants?

Was a sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided?

For the analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured?

Was the timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed?

For exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)?

Were the exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?

Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over time?

Were the outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants?

Were the outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants?

Was loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less?

Were key potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)?

Overall assessment

Arango et al. (2018) [43]

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

NR

No

No

Fair

Arora et al. (2017) [15]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

NR

No

Yes

Good

Benner et al. (2017) [44]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

NR

Yes

Good

Boen et al. (2020) [34]

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

NR

Yes

Yes

Good

Cristini et al. (2012) [52]

Yes

No

NR

NR

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

NR

Yes

No

Poor

Davis et al. (2019) [61]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

CD

Yes

Good

DeWit et al. (2011) [53]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

Yes

Good

Fulco et al. (2019) [16]

Yes

Yes

CD

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

CD

Yes

Good

Gonzales et al. (2014) [54]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

Yes

Good

Gunnarsódttir et al. (2021) [62]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

NR

Yes

No

Good

Hatchel et al. (2018) [55]

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

NR

No

Fair

Jiang et al. (2020) [45]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

NR

NR

No

Fair

Joyce (2019) [35]

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

NR

No

No

Fair

Klinck et al. (2020) [46]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

Yes

Good

Leonard et al. (2016a) [30]

Yes

Yes

NA

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

No

Yes

Good

Leonard et al. (2016b) [31]

Yes

Yes

NA

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

Yes

Good

Lester et al. (2013) [63]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Good

Lester & Cross (2015) [56]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Good

Li & Lerner (2011) [64]

Yes

No

NR

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

No

Yes

Fair

Loukas et al. (20161) [57]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

No

No

Good

Markowitz (2016) [36]

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

NR

No

Yes

Good

McNeil et al. (2020) [32]

Yes

Yes

NA

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

Yes

Good

Moffa et al. (2016) [47]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

NR

No

No

Fair

Okado et al. (2018) [58]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Good

Pierre et al. (2020) [48]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

NR

No

Good

Pössel et al. (2016) [66]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

No

Yes

Good

Sanders et al. (2020) [49]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Good

Shochet & Smith (2014) [59]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Good

Shochet et al. (2011) [60]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Good

Stiles & Gudiño (2018) [33]

Yes

Yes

NA

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

NR

NR

No

Fair

Tucker et al. (2011) [50]

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

NR

No

Yes

Good

Wickrama & Vazsonyi (2011) [37]

Yes

No

NR

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

NR

No

No

Poor

Wright & Wachs (2019) [51]

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Good

Yu et al. (2016) [65]

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

NR

Yes

Yes

Good

  1. NR  Not Reported, NA  Not Applicable, CD  Cannot Determine